Health Professionals Follow-up Study

Cardiovascular Diseases Clinical Trial

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT00005182
• Other study ID #: 1060
• Secondary ID: R00HL088372
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• First received: May 25, 2000
• Last updated: February 27, 2018
• Start date: December 1985
• Est. completion date: May 2008

Study information

• Verified date: February 2018
• Source: Harvard School of Public Health
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Observational

Clinical Trial Summary

To test the hypothesis that increased risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and cancer is related to diets high in saturated fat, animal protein, and hydrogenated vegetable oil, and low in polyunsaturated fat, fiber, vitamins A, C, and E, calcium, selenium, and chromium.

Description:

BACKGROUND:

The diet-heart hypothesis, that high dietary saturated fat and cholesterol intake increase the risk and high polyunsaturated fat reduces the risk of coronary heart disease in man is supported by ecologic studies, by experiments in rodents and non-human primates, by voluminous literature relating dietary factors to serum lipids, by several secondary prevention trials, and by the Lipid Research Clinics Trial demonstrating a reduction in coronary heart disease among participants assigned to cholestyramine.

Despite the substantial scientific interest and the obvious public health implications of the diet and heart disease issue, relatively few observational cohort or case-control investigations had been published prior to 1985. Although these observational studies were not entirely consistent, taken collectively, they tended to provide important general support for the diet-heart hypothesis. However, due to study design, limited numbers of endpoints, or methods of analysis, many central questions remained unanswered. The most important issue was the quantitative relationship between specific dietary factors and risk of coronary heart disease. Moreover, the interplay of dietary and genetic factors is poorly understood.

DESIGN NARRATIVE:

In this prospective cohort study, participants completed a mailed general medical and health questionnaire at baseline and an intensively validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ). At one year, tissue specimens were collected and catalogued for future nested case-control analyses of coronary heart disease risk in relation to levels of calcium, selenium, and chromium. Follow-up questionnaires to update exposure information and ascertain non-fatal endpoints were mailed at two-year intervals. All reported cases of non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, and cancer were documented with hospital records and/or pathology reports. Fatal events were ascertained with the National Death Index and documented. To standardize SFFQ nutrient scores against measurements of absolute intake, two one-week diet records were obtained from a random sample of 150 Boston-area participants.

The study was renewed in 1991, 1997, and in 2003 to continue the follow-up of 51,529 male health professionals. The cohort is followed by questionnaires mailed at two-year intervals to update exposure information and ascertain nonfatal events. Complete dietary assessments are included every four years.A subset of 18,225 participants provided blood samples between 1993 and 1995. Genotyping was performed among 435 cardiovascular disease cases and 878 controls using Affymetrix 6.0 platform.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 50000
• Est. completion date: May 2008
• Est. primary completion date: May 2008
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: Male
• Age group: N/A and older
• Eligibility: Recruited through their professional organizations or occupation from mailing house lists.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Cardiovascular Diseases
• Cerebrovascular Accident
• Coronary Artery Disease
• Coronary Disease
• Heart Diseases
• Infarction
• Myocardial Infarction
• Peripheral Arterial Disease
• Peripheral Vascular Diseases
• Stroke
• Vascular Diseases

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
n/a

Sponsors (2)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Harvard School of Public Health	National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

References & Publications (159)

Al-Delaimy WK, Merchant AT, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Effect of type 2 diabetes and its duration on the risk of peripheral arterial disease among men. Am J Med. 2004 Feb 15;116(4):236-40. — View Citation

Al-Delaimy WK, Rimm E, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. A prospective study of calcium intake from diet and supplements and risk of ischemic heart disease among men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Apr;77(4):814-8. — View Citation

Al-Delaimy WK, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Magnesium intake and risk of coronary heart disease among men. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Feb;23(1):63-70. — View Citation

Aldoori WH, Giovannucci EL, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Wing AL, Trichopoulos DV, Willett WC. Prospective study of physical activity and the risk of symptomatic diverticular disease in men. Gut. 1995 Feb;36(2):276-82. — View Citation

Aldoori WH, Giovannucci EL, Rimm EB, Wing AL, Trichopoulos DV, Willett WC. A prospective study of alcohol, smoking, caffeine, and the risk of symptomatic diverticular disease in men. Ann Epidemiol. 1995 May;5(3):221-8. — View Citation

Aldoori WH, Giovannucci EL, Rimm EB, Wing AL, Trichopoulos DV, Willett WC. A prospective study of diet and the risk of symptomatic diverticular disease in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 Nov;60(5):757-64. — View Citation

Aldoori WH, Giovannucci EL, Rimm EB, Wing AL, Willett WC. Use of acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a prospective study and the risk of symptomatic diverticular disease in men. Arch Fam Med. 1998 May-Jun;7(3):255-60. — View Citation

Aldoori WH, Giovannucci EL, Rockett HR, Sampson L, Rimm EB, Willett WC. A prospective study of dietary fiber types and symptomatic diverticular disease in men. J Nutr. 1998 Apr;128(4):714-9. — View Citation

Aldoori WH, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Wing AL, Willett WC. A prospective study of alcohol, smoking, caffeine, and the risk of duodenal ulcer in men. Epidemiology. 1997 Jul;8(4):420-4. — View Citation

Aldoori WH, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Wing AL, Willett WC. Prospective study of diet and the risk of duodenal ulcer in men. Am J Epidemiol. 1997 Jan 1;145(1):42-50. — View Citation

Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ. Blood donations and risk of coronary heart disease in men. Circulation. 2001 Jan 2;103(1):52-7. — View Citation

Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Spiegelman D, Stampfer M, Willett WC. Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: cohort follow up study in the United States. BMJ. 1996 Jul 13;313(7049):84-90. — View Citation

Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Hernán MA, Giovannucci E, Kawachi I, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Relation of consumption of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids to risk for stroke among men in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 1999 Jun 15;130(12):963-70. — View Citation

Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Hernán MA, Giovannucci EL, Kawachi I, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Intake of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and fiber and risk of stroke among US men. Circulation. 1998 Sep 22;98(12):1198-204. — View Citation

Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL, Willett WC. Dietary intake of marine n-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and the risk of coronary disease among men. N Engl J Med. 1995 Apr 13;332(15):977-82. — View Citation

Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, McKinlay J. Nutrient intakes and blood pressure in normotensive males. Int J Epidemiol. 1991 Dec;20(4):886-91. — View Citation

Ascherio A, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ. Dietary iron intake and risk of coronary disease among men. Circulation. 1994 Mar;89(3):969-74. — View Citation

Augustsson K, Michaud DS, Rimm EB, Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Giovannucci E. A prospective study of intake of fish and marine fatty acids and prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003 Jan;12(1):64-7. — View Citation

Bacon CG, Hu FB, Giovannucci E, Glasser DB, Mittleman MA, Rimm EB. Association of type and duration of diabetes with erectile dysfunction in a large cohort of men. Diabetes Care. 2002 Aug;25(8):1458-63. — View Citation

Böhler J, Woitas R, Keller E, Reetze-Bonorden P, Schollmeyer PJ. Effect of nifedipine and captopril on glomerular hyperfiltration in normotensive man. Am J Kidney Dis. 1992 Aug;20(2):132-9. — View Citation

Brown L, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, Giovannucci EL, Chasan-Taber L, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. A prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction in US men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Oct;70(4):517-24. — View Citation

Chan JM, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Obesity, fat distribution, and weight gain as risk factors for clinical diabetes in men. Diabetes Care. 1994 Sep;17(9):961-9. — View Citation

Chasan-Taber S, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Colditz GA, Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Willett WC. Reproducibility and validity of a self-administered physical activity questionnaire for male health professionals. Epidemiology. 1996 Jan;7(1):81-6. — View Citation

Ching PL, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Gortmaker SL, Stampfer MJ. Activity level and risk of overweight in male health professionals. Am J Public Health. 1996 Jan;86(1):25-30. — View Citation

Cho E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB. The impact of diabetes mellitus and prior myocardial infarction on mortality from all causes and from coronary heart disease in men. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Sep 4;40(5):954-60. — View Citation

Cho E, Seddon JM, Rosner B, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and carotenoids and risk of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004 Jun;122(6):883-92. — View Citation

Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Willett W, Curhan G. Alcohol intake and risk of incident gout in men: a prospective study. Lancet. 2004 Apr 17;363(9417):1277-81. — View Citation

Choi HK, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, Hu FB. Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 2005 May 9;165(9):997-1003. — View Citation

Chu NF, Spiegelman D, Hotamisligil GS, Rifai N, Stampfer M, Rimm EB. Plasma insulin, leptin, and soluble TNF receptors levels in relation to obesity-related atherogenic and thrombogenic cardiovascular disease risk factors among men. Atherosclerosis. 2001 Aug;157(2):495-503. — View Citation

Chu NF, Spiegelman D, Rifai N, Hotamisligil GS, Rimm EB. Glycemic status and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor levels in relation to plasma leptin concentrations among normal weight and overweight US men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Sep;24(9):1085-92. — View Citation

Chu NF, Spiegelman D, Yu J, Rifai N, Hotamisligil GS, Rimm EB. Plasma leptin concentrations and four-year weight gain among US men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001 Mar;25(3):346-53. — View Citation

Chu NF, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Rifai N, Hotamisligil GS, Rimm EB. Dietary and lifestyle factors in relation to plasma leptin concentrations among normal weight and overweight men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001 Jan;25(1):106-14. — View Citation

Coakley EH, Rimm EB, Colditz G, Kawachi I, Willett W. Predictors of weight change in men: results from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998 Feb;22(2):89-96. — View Citation

Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Willett WC. A prospective study of parental history of myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease in men. Am J Cardiol. 1991 May 1;67(11):933-8. — View Citation

Conigrave KM, Hu BF, Camargo CA Jr, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Rimm EB. A prospective study of drinking patterns in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes among men. Diabetes. 2001 Oct;50(10):2390-5. — View Citation

Curhan GC, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ. Regional variation in nephrolithiasis incidence and prevalence among United States men. J Urol. 1994 Apr;151(4):838-41. — View Citation

Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. Body size and risk of kidney stones. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998 Sep;9(9):1645-52. — View Citation

Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Ascherio AL, Stampfer MJ. Birth weight and adult hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity in US men. Circulation. 1996 Dec 15;94(12):3246-50. — View Citation

Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ. Prospective study of beverage use and the risk of kidney stones. Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Feb 1;143(3):240-7. — View Citation

Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones. N Engl J Med. 1993 Mar 25;328(12):833-8. — View Citation

Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of the intake of vitamins C and B6, and the risk of kidney stones in men. J Urol. 1996 Jun;155(6):1847-51. — View Citation

Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ. Family history and risk of kidney stones. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997 Oct;8(10):1568-73. — View Citation

Eng PM, Kawachi I, Fitzmaurice G, Rimm EB. Effects of marital transitions on changes in dietary and other health behaviours in US male health professionals. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005 Jan;59(1):56-62. — View Citation

Eng PM, Rimm EB, Fitzmaurice G, Kawachi I. Social ties and change in social ties in relation to subsequent total and cause-specific mortality and coronary heart disease incidence in men. Am J Epidemiol. 2002 Apr 15;155(8):700-9. — View Citation

Feskanich D, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Litin LB, Willett WC. Reproducibility and validity of food intake measurements from a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. J Am Diet Assoc. 1993 Jul;93(7):790-6. — View Citation

Field AE, Coakley EH, Must A, Spadano JL, Laird N, Dietz WH, Rimm E, Colditz GA. Impact of overweight on the risk of developing common chronic diseases during a 10-year period. Arch Intern Med. 2001 Jul 9;161(13):1581-6. — View Citation

Fung TT, Hu FB, Pereira MA, Liu S, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Whole-grain intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Sep;76(3):535-40. — View Citation

Fung TT, Hu FB, Yu J, Chu NF, Spiegelman D, Tofler GH, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Leisure-time physical activity, television watching, and plasma biomarkers of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk. Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Dec 15;152(12):1171-8. — View Citation

Fung TT, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Rifai N, Tofler GH, Willett WC, Hu FB. Association between dietary patterns and plasma biomarkers of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Jan;73(1):61-7. — View Citation

Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. A prospective cohort study of vasectomy and prostate cancer in US men. JAMA. 1993 Feb 17;269(7):873-7. — View Citation

Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Physical activity, obesity, and risk for colon cancer and adenoma in men. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Mar 1;122(5):327-34. — View Citation

Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995 Dec 6;87(23):1767-76. — View Citation

Giovannucci E, Colditz G, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Litin L, Sampson L, Willett WC. The assessment of alcohol consumption by a simple self-administered questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol. 1991 Apr 15;133(8):810-7. — View Citation

Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Alcohol, low-methionine--low-folate diets, and risk of colon cancer in men. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995 Feb 15;87(4):265-73. — View Citation

Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Chute CG, Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Obesity and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Am J Epidemiol. 1994 Dec 1;140(11):989-1002. — View Citation

Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Kearney J, Willett WC. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer in U.S. men. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994 Feb 2;86(3):183-91. — View Citation

Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Willett WC. Aspirin use and the risk for colorectal cancer and adenoma in male health professionals. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Aug 15;121(4):241-6. — View Citation

Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Willett WC. Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men. Cancer Res. 1994 May 1;54(9):2390-7. — View Citation

Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Diabetes mellitus and risk of prostate cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1998 Jan;9(1):3-9. — View Citation

Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Height, body weight, and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997 Aug;6(8):557-63. — View Citation

Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Wolk A, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Calcium and fructose intake in relation to risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 1998 Feb 1;58(3):442-7. — View Citation

Giovannucci E, Willett WC. Dietary factors and risk of colon cancer. Ann Med. 1994 Dec;26(6):443-52. Review. — View Citation

Goldberg IJ. To drink or not to drink? N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 9;348(2):163-4. — View Citation

Grobbee DE, Rimm EB, Giovannucci E, Colditz G, Stampfer M, Willett W. Coffee, caffeine, and cardiovascular disease in men. N Engl J Med. 1990 Oct 11;323(15):1026-32. — View Citation

He K, Merchant A, Rimm EB, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Dietary fat intake and risk of stroke in male US healthcare professionals: 14 year prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2003 Oct 4;327(7418):777-82. — View Citation

He K, Merchant A, Rimm EB, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Folate, vitamin B6, and B12 intakes in relation to risk of stroke among men. Stroke. 2004 Jan;35(1):169-74. Epub 2003 Dec 11. — View Citation

He K, Rimm EB, Merchant A, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Fish consumption and risk of stroke in men. JAMA. 2002 Dec 25;288(24):3130-6. — View Citation

Hemenway D, Azrael DR, Rimm EB, Feskanich D, Willett WC. Risk factors for hip fracture in US men aged 40 through 75 years. Am J Public Health. 1994 Nov;84(11):1843-5. — View Citation

Hemenway D, Azrael DR, Rimm EB, Feskanich D, Willett WC. Risk factors for wrist fracture: effect of age, cigarettes, alcohol, body height, relative weight, and handedness on the risk for distal forearm fractures in men. Am J Epidemiol. 1994 Aug 15;140(4):361-7. — View Citation

Hu FB, Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Physical activity and television watching in relation to risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in men. Arch Intern Med. 2001 Jun 25;161(12):1542-8. — View Citation

Hu FB, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Spiegelman D, Willett WC. Prospective study of major dietary patterns and risk of coronary heart disease in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Oct;72(4):912-21. — View Citation

Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Manson JE, Ascherio A, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Spiegelman D, Speizer FE, Sacks FM, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. A prospective study of egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women. JAMA. 1999 Apr 21;281(15):1387-94. — View Citation

Hu FB, Willett WC. Diet and coronary heart disease: findings from the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2001;5(3):132-8. Review. — View Citation

Hung HC, Colditz G, Joshipura KJ. The association between tooth loss and the self-reported intake of selected CVD-related nutrients and foods among US women. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2005 Jun;33(3):167-73. — View Citation

Hung HC, Joshipura KJ, Colditz G, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Speizer FE, Willett WC. The association between tooth loss and coronary heart disease in men and women. J Public Health Dent. 2004 Fall;64(4):209-15. — View Citation

Hung HC, Joshipura KJ, Jiang R, Hu FB, Hunter D, Smith-Warner SA, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Spiegelman D, Willett WC. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of major chronic disease. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004 Nov 3;96(21):1577-84. — View Citation

Hung HC, Merchant A, Willett W, Ascherio A, Rosner BA, Rimm E, Joshipura KJ. The association between fruit and vegetable consumption and peripheral arterial disease. Epidemiology. 2003 Nov;14(6):659-65. — View Citation

Hung HC, Willett W, Ascherio A, Rosner BA, Rimm E, Joshipura KJ. Tooth loss and dietary intake. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003 Sep;134(9):1185-92. — View Citation

Hung HC, Willett W, Merchant A, Rosner BA, Ascherio A, Joshipura KJ. Oral health and peripheral arterial disease. Circulation. 2003 Mar 4;107(8):1152-7. — View Citation

Hunter DJ, Rimm EB, Sacks FM, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Litin LB, Willett WC. Comparison of measures of fatty acid intake by subcutaneous fat aspirate, food frequency questionnaire, and diet records in a free-living population of US men. Am J Epidemiol. 1992 Feb 15;135(4):418-27. — View Citation

Jensen MK, Koh-Banerjee P, Hu FB, Franz M, Sampson L, Grønbaek M, Rimm EB. Intakes of whole grains, bran, and germ and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6):1492-9. — View Citation

Jiang R, Schulze MB, Li T, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Hu FB. Non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B predict cardiovascular disease events among men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004 Aug;27(8):1991-7. — View Citation

Joshi A, Douglass CW, Kim HD, Joshipura KJ, Park MC, Rimm EB, Carino MJ, Garcia RI, Morris JS, Willett WC. The relationship between amalgam restorations and mercury levels in male dentists and nondental health professionals. J Public Health Dent. 2003 Winter;63(1):52-60. — View Citation

Joshipura KJ, Ascherio A, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH, Spiegelman D, Willett WC. Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. JAMA. 1999 Oct 6;282(13):1233-9. — View Citation

Joshipura KJ, Douglass CW, Garcia RI, Valachovic R, Willett WC. Validity of a self-reported periodontal disease measure. J Public Health Dent. 1996 Summer;56(4):205-12. — View Citation

Joshipura KJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Speizer FE, Colditz G, Ascherio A, Rosner B, Spiegelman D, Willett WC. The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. 2001 Jun 19;134(12):1106-14. — View Citation

Joshipura KJ, Hung HC, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Periodontal disease, tooth loss, and incidence of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2003 Jan;34(1):47-52. — View Citation

Joshipura KJ, Rimm EB, Douglass CW, Trichopoulos D, Ascherio A, Willett WC. Poor oral health and coronary heart disease. J Dent Res. 1996 Sep;75(9):1631-6. — View Citation

Joshipura KJ, Wand HC, Merchant AT, Rimm EB. Periodontal disease and biomarkers related to cardiovascular disease. J Dent Res. 2004 Feb;83(2):151-5. — View Citation

Joshipura KJ, Willett WC, Douglass CW. The impact of edentulousness on food and nutrient intake. J Am Dent Assoc. 1996 Apr;127(4):459-67. — View Citation

Kang JH, Pasquale LR, Rosner BA, Willett WC, Egan KM, Faberowski N, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of cigarette smoking and the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003 Dec;121(12):1762-8. — View Citation

Kang JH, Pasquale LR, Willett WC, Rosner BA, Egan KM, Faberowski N, Hankinson SE. Dietary fat consumption and primary open-angle glaucoma. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 May;79(5):755-64. — View Citation

Kawachi I, Barry MJ, Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. The impact of different therapies on symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective study. Clin Ther. 1996 Nov-Dec;18(6):1118-27. — View Citation

Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. A prospective study of social networks in relation to total mortality and cardiovascular disease in men in the USA. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1996 Jun;50(3):245-51. — View Citation

Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Prospective study of phobic anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease in men. Circulation. 1994 May;89(5):1992-7. — View Citation

Kearney J, Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Wing A, Kampman E, Willett WC. Calcium, vitamin D, and dairy foods and the occurrence of colon cancer in men. Am J Epidemiol. 1996 May 1;143(9):907-17. — View Citation

Kearney J, Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Bleday R, Willett WC. Diet, alcohol, and smoking and the occurrence of hyperplastic polyps of the colon and rectum (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1995 Jan;6(1):45-56. — View Citation

Koh-Banerjee P, Chu NF, Spiegelman D, Rosner B, Colditz G, Willett W, Rimm E. Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking with 9-y gain in waist circumference among 16 587 US men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Oct;78(4):719-27. — View Citation

Koh-Banerjee P, Franz M, Sampson L, Liu S, Jacobs DR Jr, Spiegelman D, Willett W, Rimm E. Changes in whole-grain, bran, and cereal fiber consumption in relation to 8-y weight gain among men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Nov;80(5):1237-45. — View Citation

Koh-Banerjee P, Wang Y, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Changes in body weight and body fat distribution as risk factors for clinical diabetes in US men. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Jun 15;159(12):1150-9. — View Citation

Leitzmann MF, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Prospective study of alcohol consumption patterns in relation to symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999 May;23(5):835-41. — View Citation

Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Colditz GA, Giovannucci E. A prospective study of coffee consumption and the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in men. JAMA. 1999 Jun 9;281(22):2106-12. — View Citation

Lopez-Ridaura R, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Liu S, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Hu FB. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. Diabetes Care. 2004 Jan;27(1):134-40. — View Citation

MacIntosh DL, Williams PL, Hunter DJ, Sampson LA, Morris SC, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Evaluation of a food frequency questionnaire-food composition approach for estimating dietary intake of inorganic arsenic and methylmercury. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997 Dec;6(12):1043-50. — View Citation

Madore F, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Curhan GC. Nephrolithiasis and risk of hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 1998 Jan;11(1 Pt 1):46-53. — View Citation

McCullough ML, Feskanich D, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Ascherio A, Variyam JN, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of major chronic disease in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Nov;72(5):1223-31. — View Citation

Meigs JB, Barry MJ, Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Kawachi I. Incidence rates and risk factors for acute urinary retention: the health professionals followup study. J Urol. 1999 Aug;162(2):376-82. — View Citation

Merchant AT, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Ascherio A. Dietary fiber reduces peripheral arterial disease risk in men. J Nutr. 2003 Nov;133(11):3658-63. — View Citation

Merchant AT, Pitiphat W, Ahmed B, Kawachi I, Joshipura K. A prospective study of social support, anger expression and risk of periodontitis in men. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003 Dec;134(12):1591-6. — View Citation

Meyer KA, Conigrave KM, Chu NF, Rifai N, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB. Alcohol consumption patterns and HbA1c, C-peptide and insulin concentrations in men. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Jun;22(3):185-94. — View Citation

Miller M, Hemenway D, Rimm E. Cigarettes and suicide: a prospective study of 50,000 men. Am J Public Health. 2000 May;90(5):768-73. — View Citation

Mozaffarian D, Ascherio A, Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Siscovick DS, Rimm EB. Interplay between different polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in men. Circulation. 2005 Jan 18;111(2):157-64. Epub 2005 Jan 3. — View Citation

Mukamal KJ, Ascherio A, Mittleman MA, Conigrave KM, Camargo CA Jr, Kawachi I, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Alcohol and risk for ischemic stroke in men: the role of drinking patterns and usual beverage. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Jan 4;142(1):11-9. — View Citation

Mukamal KJ, Conigrave KM, Mittleman MA, Camargo CA Jr, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Roles of drinking pattern and type of alcohol consumed in coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 9;348(2):109-18. — View Citation

Mukamal KJ, Jensen MK, Grønbaek M, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Pischon T, Rimm EB. Drinking frequency, mediating biomarkers, and risk of myocardial infarction in women and men. Circulation. 2005 Sep 6;112(10):1406-13. Epub 2005 Aug 29. — View Citation

Newby PK, Hu FB, Rimm EB, Smith-Warner SA, Feskanich D, Sampson L, Willett WC. Reproducibility and validity of the Diet Quality Index Revised as assessed by use of a food-frequency questionnaire. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Nov;78(5):941-9. — View Citation

Owusu W, Willett WC, Feskanich D, Ascherio A, Spiegelman D, Colditz GA. Calcium intake and the incidence of forearm and hip fractures among men. J Nutr. 1997 Sep;127(9):1782-7. — View Citation

Pai JK, Pischon T, Ma J, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, Joshipura K, Curhan GC, Rifai N, Cannuscio CC, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB. Inflammatory markers and the risk of coronary heart disease in men and women. N Engl J Med. 2004 Dec 16;351(25):2599-610. — View Citation

Pischon T, Girman CJ, Hotamisligil GS, Rifai N, Hu FB, Rimm EB. Plasma adiponectin levels and risk of myocardial infarction in men. JAMA. 2004 Apr 14;291(14):1730-7. — View Citation

Pischon T, Girman CJ, Rifai N, Hotamisligil GS, Rimm EB. Association between dietary factors and plasma adiponectin concentrations in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Apr;81(4):780-6. — View Citation

Pischon T, Girman CJ, Sacks FM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in the prediction of coronary heart disease in men. Circulation. 2005 Nov 29;112(22):3375-83. — View Citation

Pischon T, Hankinson SE, Hotamisligil GS, Rifai N, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Habitual dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in relation to inflammatory markers among US men and women. Circulation. 2003 Jul 15;108(2):155-60. Epub 2003 Jun 23. — View Citation

Pischon T, Hotamisligil GS, Rimm EB. Adiponectin: stability in plasma over 36 hours and within-person variation over 1 year. Clin Chem. 2003 Apr;49(4):650-2. — View Citation

Pitiphat W, Crohin C, Williams P, Merchant AT, Douglass CW, Colditz GA, Joshipura KJ. Use of preexisting radiographs for assessing periodontal disease in epidemiologic studies. J Public Health Dent. 2004 Fall;64(4):223-30. — View Citation

Platz EA, Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Rockett HR, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Dietary fiber and distal colorectal adenoma in men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997 Sep;6(9):661-70. — View Citation

Platz EA, Kawachi I, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Giovannucci E. Race, ethnicity and benign prostatic hyperplasia in the health professionals follow-up study. J Urol. 2000 Feb;163(2):490-5. — View Citation

Platz EA, Leitzmann MF, Hollis BW, Willett WC, Giovannucci E. Plasma 1,25-dihydroxy- and 25-hydroxyvitamin D and subsequent risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2004 Apr;15(3):255-65. — View Citation

Platz EA, Pollak MN, Rimm EB, Majeed N, Tao Y, Willett WC, Giovannucci E. Racial variation in insulin-like growth factor-1 and binding protein-3 concentrations in middle-aged men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999 Dec;8(12):1107-10. — View Citation

Qi L, Li T, Rimm E, Zhang C, Rifai N, Hunter D, Doria A, Hu FB. The +276 polymorphism of the APM1 gene, plasma adiponectin concentration, and cardiovascular risk in diabetic men. Diabetes. 2005 May;54(5):1607-10. — View Citation

Qi L, Rimm E, Liu S, Rifai N, Hu FB. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, cereal fiber, and plasma adiponectin concentration in diabetic men. Diabetes Care. 2005 May;28(5):1022-8. — View Citation

Rajpathak S, Rimm EB, Li T, Morris JS, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB. Lower toenail chromium in men with diabetes and cardiovascular disease compared with healthy men. Diabetes Care. 2004 Sep;27(9):2211-6. — View Citation

Rimm E, Colditz G. Smoking, alcohol, and plasma levels of carotenes and vitamin E. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993 May 28;686:323-33; discussion 333-4. Review. — View Citation

Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Vegetable, fruit, and cereal fiber intake and risk of coronary heart disease among men. JAMA. 1996 Feb 14;275(6):447-51. — View Citation

Rimm EB, Chan J, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Prospective study of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and the risk of diabetes in men. BMJ. 1995 Mar 4;310(6979):555-9. — View Citation

Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Rosner B, Stampfer MJ. Prospective study of alcohol consumption and risk of coronary disease in men. Lancet. 1991 Aug 24;338(8765):464-8. — View Citation

Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med. 1993 May 20;328(20):1450-6. — View Citation

Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC. Effectiveness of various mailing strategies among nonrespondents in a prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 1990 Jun;131(6):1068-71. — View Citation

Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Spiegelman D, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Body size and fat distribution as predictors of coronary heart disease among middle-aged and older US men. Am J Epidemiol. 1995 Jun 15;141(12):1117-27. — View Citation

Rosner B, Willett WC. Interval estimates for correlation coefficients corrected for within-person variation: implications for study design and hypothesis testing. Am J Epidemiol. 1988 Feb;127(2):377-86. — View Citation

Salazar-Martinez E, Willett WC, Ascherio A, Manson JE, Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Coffee consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Jan 6;140(1):1-8. — View Citation

Salmerón J, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Spiegelman D, Jenkins DJ, Stampfer MJ, Wing AL, Willett WC. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men. Diabetes Care. 1997 Apr;20(4):545-50. — View Citation

Schulze MB, Rimm EB, Li T, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. C-reactive protein and incident cardiovascular events among men with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004 Apr;27(4):889-94. — View Citation

Schulze MB, Rimm EB, Shai I, Rifai N, Hu FB. Relationship between adiponectin and glycemic control, blood lipids, and inflammatory markers in men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004 Jul;27(7):1680-7. — View Citation

Schulze MB, Shai I, Rimm EB, Li T, Rifai N, Hu FB. Adiponectin and future coronary heart disease events among men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2005 Feb;54(2):534-9. — View Citation

Shai I, Rimm EB, Schulze MB, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Moderate alcohol intake and markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction among diabetic men. Diabetologia. 2004 Oct;47(10):1760-7. Epub 2004 Oct 22. — View Citation

Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB. Folate and cardiovascular disease. Why we need a trial now. JAMA. 1996 Jun 26;275(24):1929-30. — View Citation

Tanasescu M, Leitzmann MF, Rimm EB, Hu FB. Physical activity in relation to cardiovascular disease and total mortality among men with type 2 diabetes. Circulation. 2003 May 20;107(19):2435-9. Epub 2003 Apr 28. — View Citation

Tanasescu M, Leitzmann MF, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Exercise type and intensity in relation to coronary heart disease in men. JAMA. 2002 Oct 23-30;288(16):1994-2000. — View Citation

van Dam RM, Huang Z, Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Diet and basal cell carcinoma of the skin in a prospective cohort of men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Jan;71(1):135-41. — View Citation

van Dam RM, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Dietary patterns and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in U.S. men. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Feb 5;136(3):201-9. — View Citation

van Dam RM, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Dietary fat and meat intake in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in men. Diabetes Care. 2002 Mar;25(3):417-24. — View Citation

Verhoef P, Rimm EB, Hunter DJ, Chen J, Willett WC, Kelsey K, Stampfer MJ. A common mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and risk of coronary heart disease: results among U.S. men. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Aug;32(2):353-9. — View Citation

Walker SP, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Kawachi I, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Body size and fat distribution as predictors of stroke among US men. Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Dec 15;144(12):1143-50. — View Citation

Wang Y, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB. Comparison of abdominal adiposity and overall obesity in predicting risk of type 2 diabetes among men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Mar;81(3):555-63. — View Citation

Welch G, Kawachi I, Barry MJ, Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Distinction between symptoms of voiding and filling in benign prostatic hyperplasia: findings from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Urology. 1998 Mar;51(3):422-7. — View Citation

Willett W, Stampfer M, Chu NF, Spiegelman D, Holmes M, Rimm E. Assessment of questionnaire validity for measuring total fat intake using plasma lipid levels as criteria. Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Dec 15;154(12):1107-12. — View Citation

Willett WC. Diet, nutrition, and avoidable cancer. Environ Health Perspect. 1995 Nov;103 Suppl 8:165-70. Review. — View Citation

Yoshizawa K, Ascherio A, Morris JS, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Baskett CK, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Prospective study of selenium levels in toenails and risk of coronary heart disease in men. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Nov 1;158(9):852-60. — View Citation

Yoshizawa K, Rimm EB, Morris JS, Spate VL, Hsieh CC, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Mercury and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 28;347(22):1755-60. — View Citation

* Note: There are 159 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Incident CVD		Renewed every 5 years since 1986