Exercise Program Combined or Not With Nutritional intErvention in Adults With tyPe 2 Diabetes

Obesity Clinical Trial

— PEP-2  

Official title:

Effects of an Exercise Program Combined or Not With Nutritional intErvention on Total Fat, Epicardial Fat and Metabolic Profile of Obese and Overweight Adults With tyPe 2 Diabetes (The PEP-2 Study)

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT01186952
• Other study ID #: RRL-01-2010
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• First received: August 20, 2010
• Last updated: April 18, 2016
• Start date: September 2010
• Est. completion date: April 2016

Study information

• Verified date: April 2016
• Source: Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Health authority: Canada: Ethics Review Committee
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Inactivity and excess energy consumption are leading causes of obesity and type 2 diabetes which are associated with increased cardio-metabolic risk. In order to reduce the cardiovascular risk associated with type 2 diabetes, the Canadian Diabetes Association guidelines (2008) recommends weight loss through caloric restriction and structured physical activity. However, the comparative effects of different methods to obtain caloric deficit for weight loss remains to be elucidated. The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of two strategies of caloric deficit: diet alone or diet and exercise on total fat mass, epicardial fat and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes and at high risk of cardiovascular disease.

Description:

Type 2 diabetes is mainly caused by excess body weight due to lack of physical activity and high amount of calories consumption. Individuals with type 2 diabetes demonstrated increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared to non diabetic. Studies showed a cardiovascular risk reduction after weight loss among individuals at risk through lifestyle modification: increase physical activity and low calorie diet.

Favourable effects of weight loss on cardiovascular risk are mainly due to total body fat reduction. However, the location of body fat excess has also some important implications. It is now well known that abdominal (visceral) and ectopic fat accumulation (e.g. hepatic fat, epicardial fat, etc.) are more related to an unfavorable cardio-metabolic profile than total fat mass. It has been demonstrated that a moderate weight loss obtained with physical activity or caloric restriction is related to a significant reduction of ectopic fat mass. However, ectopic fat measurement remains problematic due to lack of standardization and safety issues (X-ray). Epicardial fat thickness measured by simple echocardiography is a reliable method to evaluate ectopic fat accumulation.

Little research have been done to assess the effect of different methods of weight loss on total fat as well as ectopic fat specifically epicardial adipose tissue among individuals with type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study is to compare to a control group with detailed advice the impact of two structured strategies of caloric deficit: diet alone or diet and exercise on total fat mass, epicardial fat and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes and at high risk of cardiovascular disease.

The participants to the present study will be free-living adults overweight and obese with type 2 diabetes and at high risk of cardiovascular disease as determined by a Framingham risk score above 15% or the presence of two or more cardiovascular risk factors.

Participants will attend a screening study visit to confirm eligibility criteria (anthropometric variables, blood pressure, complete physical examination, coronary heart disease diagnostic by echocardiogram, physical activity aptitude).

After enrollment, a baseline visit will consist in series of data collection such as :

anthropometric variables, blood pressure, cycle ergometer test to evaluate cardiovascular fitness, an echocardiography to determine epicardial fat thickness, a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan to assess body fat, lean mass and bone density, indirect calorimetry for resting metabolic rate, physical activity profile and total energy expenditure determined by Sense Wear Armband (SWA) accelerometer (7days), food consumption estimate with 3 days dairy, questionnaires addressing sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics, diabetes self-care (SDCA questionnaire), a blood and urine collection for diabetes control, hepatic steatosis biochemical score, detailed lipids, hormonal and inflammatory profile and finally microalbuminuria. The body composition will also be measured by impedancemetry and BOD-POD.

Participants will then be randomly assigned to one of the three groups of the study :

Group 1: Counseling for physical activity and healthy eating Group 2: Structured diet intervention (caloric restriction) and counseling for physical activity Group 3: Structured diet intervention (caloric restriction) and structured exercise training program (aerobic and resistance training).

Group 1: participants will attend one visit with the dietician (30mn) and the physical activity specialist (30mn) when they will be given Canadian guidelines pamphlets for physical activity and food consumption. They will also receive a phone call once a month to discuss about issues in guidelines following.

Group 2: participants will attend one visit with the physical activity specialist (30mn) when they will receive the physical activity guidelines. Monthly phone call will be make to discuss about issues in physical activity guidelines following. These individuals will also be enrolled in a supervised caloric restriction program. They will have to visit the dietician once a week for the first months and then twice a month for 3 months. The diet intervention will focus on a low fat diet. At each session participants will be weighed and taken the blood pressure.

Group 3: participants will attend diet intervention as described for group 2. They will also follow a supervised exercise program three days per week for 4 months. The exercise training is an interval high intensity aerobic (85-90% Heart rate reserve) program with resistance exercises (15RM, 2-3 repetitions). Each session will last one hour. At the end of month 1, 2, and 3, all participants will receive the SWA armband for 7 days to record physical activity and estimate energy expenditure.

At the end of Month 4, all participants will attend a study visit for repeat baseline testing.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 90
• Est. completion date: April 2016
• Est. primary completion date: April 2016
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: Both
• Age group: 30 Years to 75 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Body mass index (BMI) 27-40 kg/m2

• Type 2 diabetes diagnosed since at least 3 months

• High risk of cardiovascular disease : Framingham global cardiovascular risk score for 10 years > 15% or 2 or more of the following risk factors: age > 50years, dyslipidemia or treatment, high blood pressure or treatment, pathologic microalbuminuria or established proteinuria, currently smoking, family history of early cardiovascular disease (< 60 years), inactivity or high waist circumference according to IDF criteria

• HbA1c : 6.0-10.0%

• Stable weight for last 3 months (±3kg) reported or documented

• Stable treatment for diabetes. 4 weeks: blood pressure and dyslipidemia medications. 3 months: glitazones and weight loss drugs the treatment that will be maintained at the same dose during the study; insulin will have been introduced since 4 months at least and previous month dose should be stable defined as a 10% variation or less of total daily units.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pregnancy, breastfeeding

• Type 1 diabetes

• Secondary diabetes (e.g cystic fibrosis, steroid induced, etc.)

• Recurrent, hypoglycemia without precursor signs or severe hypoglycemia occurred = 2 times for last 12 months

• Renal failure , creatinine clearance < 40 ml/min (MDRD)

• Severe retinopathy or neuropathy that can contra-indicate exercise or expose patient to high risk of complications (e.g wound)

• NYHA classification class III or IV of cardiac insufficiency

• Established coronaropathy

• Non stable ventricular or supra-ventricular arrythmia

• Severe limb atherosclerosis or previous amputation

• Recent (< 12 months) diagnosis of cancer excepted thyroid and skin

• Major mental disease

• Drugs with established effects on weigh such as megace®

Study Design

Allocation: Randomized, Endpoint Classification: Efficacy Study, Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment, Masking: Open Label, Primary Purpose: Prevention

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
• Obesity
• Overweight
• Type 2 Diabetes

Intervention

Behavioral:
• Caloric restriction
The caloric restriction diet will follow the Canadian Diabetes Association guidelines and be nutritionally balanced with a reduced total fat as well as saturated content.
• Diet intervention and structured exercise training program
Participants will follow the diet intervention previously described and a supervised physical activity program. The supervised exercise training sessions will take place three times a week for 4 months. Each session will last 1hour and will include aerobic exercise and resistance training. The aerobic training program will be treadmills intervals exercise at 50-70 % of heart rate reserve(HRR) the first month and 85-90% of HRR from the second to the fourth month. The resistance training programme will consist of two to three sets of 12 repetitions of the following exercises: leg press, chest press, lat pulldown, shoulder press, biceps curl, triceps extension.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Canada	Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM)	Montreal	Quebec

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Canada, 

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Total fat mass	Total fat mass (kg) assessed by Dual X-Ray absoptiometry (DXA)	month 4	No
Secondary	Diabetes control	A1c and fasting plasma glucose	month 4	No
Secondary	Epicardial fat	Epicardial fat thickness measured by simplified cardiac echography	month 4	No
Secondary	Body composition	Body composition : trunkal fat mass, apendicular fat mass, lean body mass and estimated visceral fat mass determined by DXA	month 4	No
Secondary	Energy consumption	Energy consumption : as measured by total calories consumed using a three non consecutive days food journal. The three days should include one week-end day.	month 4	No
Secondary	Resting metabolic rate	Resting metabolic rate determined by indirect calorimetry.	month 4	No
Secondary	Total energy expenditure	Total energy expenditure estimated from 7 days accelerometer data (Senwear Armband accelerometer).	month 2,3,4	No
Secondary	Physical activity energy expenditure	Physical activity energy expenditure estimated from 7 days accelerometer data (Senwear Armband accelerometer).	month 2,3,4	No
Secondary	Muscle strength	upper and lower body strength using 1-RM technique	month 4	No
Secondary	Cardiorespiratory fitness	Participants will perform a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer to voluntary exhaustion. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) will be considered to be the highest value obtained during the test.	month 4	No
Secondary	Lipid profile	Total cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), Triglycerides, Apolipoprotein B, ratios TG/HDL-C and Total cholesterol/HDL-C will be determined with fasting veinous blood sample	month 4	No
Secondary	Biochemical hepatic steatosis score		month 4	No
Secondary	Blood pressure	systolic and diastolic blood pressure	month 4	No
Secondary	Hormonal profile		month 4	No
Secondary	Inflammatory profile		month 4	No
Secondary	Psychosocial profile	questionnaire addressing : body esteem, self-esteem, stress, dietary restraint, disinhibition, hunger, quality of life, self-efficacy,perceived benefits, perceived risks	month 4	No
Secondary	Diabetes self-care	Summary of diabetes care activities (SDCA) questionnaire	month 4	No
Secondary	visceral fat thickness		month 4	No