Evaluating Pain Outcomes of Caudal vs Ilioinguinal Nerve Block in Children Undergoing Orchiopexy Repair

Pain, Postoperative Clinical Trial

Official title:

Evaluating Pain Outcomes of Caudal vs Ilioinguinal Nerve Block in Children Undergoing Orchiopexy Repair

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT03041935
• Other study ID #: REB14-1751
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: September 1, 2015
• Est. completion date: January 1, 2019

Study information

• Verified date: February 2022
• Source: Alberta Children's Hospital
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Surgical intervention to treat undescended testis is a very common pediatric surgical procedure, often performed using an inguinal incision or subscrotal incision approach. Children who undergo orchiopexy can suffer from a significant degree of discomfort postoperatively. The investigators are evaluating the effectiveness of an ultrasound guided caudal-epidural (CE) block to an US guided ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric (IIG/IHG) nerve block in achieving post operative analgesia following a orchiopexy repair. It is hypothesized that US guided IIG/IHG nerve block leads to more effective pain control post-operatively while in hospital relative to an US guided CE block for orchiopexy surgery.

Description:

Surgical intervention to treat undescended testis is a very common pediatric surgical procedure, often performed using an inguinal incision or subscrotal incision approach. Children who undergo orchiopexy can suffer from a significant degree of discomfort postoperatively. A multimodal pain management approach including medications such as acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids have traditionally been used in combination with a regional anesthetic technique. Regional anesthetic techniques include surgical infiltration of local anesthetic, caudal-epidural (CE) block or an ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric (IIG/IHG) nerve block.

Regional anesthetic techniques such as CE and ultrasound (US) guided IIG/IHG are well-established methods shown to reduce the use of intraoperative anesthetics and the need post operative rescue analgesia. Traditionally, IIG/IHG nerve blocks were completed using a landmark-based approach but due to unpredictable block results with failure rates over 30% and potentially serious complications such as unintentional intraperitoneal injection, many anesthesiologists preferred the more reliable CE technique (2, 3). However, while the CE provides excellent intraoperative anesthesia it provides short duration of post-operative analgesia (4-6 hours) and can be associated with lower limb motor block and urinary retention (4). Recent literature has demonstrated that an US guided IIG/IHG can be completed with smaller volume of local anesthetic with a success rate of up to 100% with low risk of complications. Furthermore there is evidence to suggest that it provides an increased duration of postoperative analgesia for pediatric patients undergoing groin surgery (3, 5). Finally, two publications retrospectively reviewing complications in over 45000 regional anesthetic blocks suggest that US guided peripheral nerve blocks (e.g., IIG/IHG) should be favoured over neuraxial techniques such as epidural and caudal anesthetics due to the risk-benefit profile (6,7). A recent meta-analysis comparing IIG/IIH block to the CE block in children notes that additional comparative studies are required as previous studies comparing these two techniques have many methodological limitations including small sample sizes, using blind (non-US guided) regional anesthetic techniques and grouping patients undergoing various surgical procedures (e.g., orchiopexy and hernia repair) despite significant differences in recovery pain profiles (8).

The investigators are proposing to complete a prospective randomized single-blinded non-inferiority study to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of an US guided CE block to an US guided IIG/IHG nerve block in achieving post operative analgesia following orchiopexy for undescended testicle(s). Currently, a number of Pediatric Anesthesiologists at the Alberta Children's Hospital do not routinely complete IIG/IIH or CE blocks under ultrasound guidance. As part of this study investigators hope to provide necessary knowledge (sonoanatomy, technique) and offer supervised clinical training to anesthesiologists who are interested in participating in the study. While orchiopexy remains a common procedure, no studies have compared the use of US guided CE to US guided IIG/IHG. The aim of this study is to establish non-inferiority in post-operative pain while in hospital as assessed through the Face, Leg, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) scale for the US guided IIG/IHG as compared to US guided CE following orchiopexy surgery. Secondary objectives will assess for group differences in need for rescue analgesia in hospital, analgesia administered at home, and postoperative pain measures within 24 hours post hospital discharge.

The investigators hypothesize that a US guided IIG/IHG nerve block leads to non-inferior objectively measured FLACC pain scores (≤ 1 point on FLACC scale) post-operatively while in hospital relative to an US guided CE block for orchiopexy surgery.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 90
• Est. completion date: January 1, 2019
• Est. primary completion date: January 1, 2019
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: Male
• Age group: 6 Months to 4 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Healthy children (ASA I and II) between the ages of 6 months and 4 years presenting for elective orchiopexy repair who are scheduled for day stay only.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients with a history of clinically important renal, hepatic, cardiac, or neurological conditions and those with a history of allergic reactions to local anesthetics, bleeding diatheses, coagulopathy, and spinal abnormality such as a sacral dimple will be excluded.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Cryptorchidism
• Pain, Postoperative
• Testicle Undescended

Intervention

Procedure:
• Ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block
See arm description
• Caudal-epidural nerve block
See arm description

Drug:
• Acetaminophen
See arm description
• Sevoflurane
See arm description
• Remifentanil
See arm description
• Propofol
See arm description
• Morphine
See arm description
• Ondansetron
See arm description
• Dexamethasone
See arm description
• Ketorolac
See arm description
• Ropivacaine
See arm description

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Canada	Alberta Children's Hospital	Calgary	Alberta

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Alberta Children's Hospital

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Canada, 

References & Publications (12)

Abdellatif AA. Ultrasound-guided ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks versus caudal block for postoperative analgesia in children undergoing unilateral groin surgery. Saudi J Anaesth. 2012 Oct-Dec;6(4):367-72. doi: 10.4103/1658-354X.105868. — View Citation

Chambers CT, Finley AG, McGrath PJ, Walsh TM. The parents' postoperative pain measure: replication and extension to 2-6-year-old children. Pain. 2003 Oct;105(3):437-443. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00256-2. — View Citation

Cole J, Shepherd M, Young P. Intranasal fentanyl in 1-3-year-olds: a prospective study of the effectiveness of intranasal fentanyl as acute analgesia. Emerg Med Australas. 2009 Oct;21(5):395-400. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2009.01216.x. — View Citation

Ecoffey C, Lacroix F, Giaufré E, Orliaguet G, Courrèges P; Association des Anesthésistes Réanimateurs Pédiatriques d'Expression Française (ADARPEF). Epidemiology and morbidity of regional anesthesia in children: a follow-up one-year prospective survey of the French-Language Society of Paediatric Anaesthesiologists (ADARPEF). Paediatr Anaesth. 2010 Dec;20(12):1061-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2010.03448.x. — View Citation

Jagannathan N, Sohn L, Sawardekar A, Ambrosy A, Hagerty J, Chin A, Barsness K, Suresh S. Unilateral groin surgery in children: will the addition of an ultrasound-guided ilioinguinal nerve block enhance the duration of analgesia of a single-shot caudal block? Paediatr Anaesth. 2009 Sep;19(9):892-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.03092.x. Epub 2009 Jul 13. — View Citation

Koo BN, Hong JY, Song HT, Kim JM, Kil HK. Ultrasonography reveals a high prevalence of lower spinal dysraphism in children with urogenital anomalies. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012 May;56(5):624-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02612.x. Epub 2012 Feb 16. — View Citation

Merkel SI, Voepel-Lewis T, Shayevitz JR, Malviya S. The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatr Nurs. 1997 May-Jun;23(3):293-7. — View Citation

Polaner DM, Taenzer AH, Walker BJ, Bosenberg A, Krane EJ, Suresh S, Wolf C, Martin LD. Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network (PRAN): a multi-institutional study of the use and incidence of complications of pediatric regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2012 Dec;115(6):1353-64. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e31825d9f4b. Epub 2012 Jun 13. — View Citation

Shanthanna H, Singh B, Guyatt G. A systematic review and meta-analysis of caudal block as compared to noncaudal regional techniques for inguinal surgeries in children. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:890626. doi: 10.1155/2014/890626. Epub 2014 Aug 5. Review. — View Citation

Verghese ST, Hannallah RS. Acute pain management in children. J Pain Res. 2010 Jul 15;3:105-23. — View Citation

von Baeyer CL, Spagrud LJ. Systematic review of observational (behavioral) measures of pain for children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years. Pain. 2007 Jan;127(1-2):140-50. Epub 2006 Sep 25. Review. — View Citation

Weintraud M, Marhofer P, Bösenberg A, Kapral S, Willschke H, Felfernig M, Kettner S. Ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric blocks in children: where do we administer the local anesthetic without direct visualization? Anesth Analg. 2008 Jan;106(1):89-93, table of contents. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000287679.48530.5f. — View Citation

* Note: There are 12 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Post-operative pain	Evaluated through the use of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) pain score by a nurse or research assistant blinded to the anesthetic technique. The FLACC scale is out of 10 and is used in children who have difficulty verbalizing pain and in sleeping children (regardless of age).	Immediately following the procedure
Primary	Post-operative pain	Evaluated through the use of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) pain score by a nurse or research assistant blinded to the anesthetic technique. The FLACC scale is out of 10 and is used in children who have difficulty verbalizing pain and in sleeping children (regardless of age).	15 minutes post-operatively
Primary	Post-operative pain	Evaluated through the use of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) pain score by a nurse or research assistant blinded to the anesthetic technique. The FLACC scale is out of 10 and is used in children who have difficulty verbalizing pain and in sleeping children (regardless of age).	30 minutes post-operatively
Primary	Post-operative pain	Evaluated through the use of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) pain score by a nurse or research assistant blinded to the anesthetic technique. The FLACC scale is out of 10 and is used in children who have difficulty verbalizing pain and in sleeping children (regardless of age).	60 minutes post-operatively
Primary	Post-operative pain	Evaluated through the use of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) pain score by a nurse or research assistant blinded to the anesthetic technique. The FLACC scale is out of 10 and is used in children who have difficulty verbalizing pain and in sleeping children (regardless of age).	120 minutes post-operatively
Secondary	Post-operative pain	Patients will be contacted 24 hours following their surgery to complete the parents' postoperative pain measure (PPPM). The PPPM is a well-established post-operative pain assessment tool with high inter-rater reliability and construct validity that has been designed specifically for use by parents in the post-operative care of their children. The measure includes 15 items scored between 0 and 1. The questionnaire will be completed over the telephone within 24 hours of the patient's surgery.	24 hours post-operatively
Secondary	Total ibuprofen consumption	Evaluated and compiled through anesthesia notes, post-operative nursing care notes and parental telephone follow-up	Up to 24 hours post-operatively
Secondary	Total acetaminophen consumption	Evaluated and compiled through anesthesia notes, post-operative nursing care notes and parental telephone follow-up	Up to 24 hours post-operatively