Outcome
| Type |
Measure |
Description |
Time frame |
Safety issue |
| Primary |
Change from baseline lower extremitu muscle strength at 8 weeks |
The chair stand test determines the muscle strength of the lower extremities. The older adult seat on a chair without arm support, with his/her feet on the ground and arms cross in the front of the chest. The number of full stands from the seated position perform within 30 seconds is recorded. |
Before the program and after eight weeks program |
|
| Primary |
Change from baseline upper extremity muscle strength at 8 weeks |
The arm curl test determines the upper extremity muscle strength. The older adult seat towards the dominant side on a chair without arm support. In this test, older women and men lift weights of 2.27 and 3.63 kilograms, respectively, starting with a full elbow extension with dominant arms and flexing the elbow to full flexion. The total number of lifts perform for 30 seconds is recorded. |
Before the program and after eight weeks program |
|
| Primary |
Change from baseline aerobic endurance at 8 weeks |
The 2-minute step test measures the aerobic endurance of the older adults as an alternative to the 6-minute walk test. The distance from the iliac crest to the midpoint of the patella is measured by a tape to determine the knee-stepping height. The midpoint between these two anatomical structures is determined. The height of the determined point from the ground is measured and marked on a wall. The older adult begins stepping as quickly as possible to reach the marked height for two minutes. The total number of correct steps is recorded. If any of the steps (right or left) do not reach the target height, those steps are considered invalid. |
Before the program and after eight weeks program |
|
| Primary |
Change from baseline lower extremity flexibility at 8 weeks |
The Chair sit-and-reach test is a modified form of the sit-and-reach test, which determines the flexibility of the hamstring muscle group. The older adult sits on the front of a chair. Then they extend the right or left knee to a full extension, the heel on the floor, and ankle in a neutral position of 90 degrees. The other knee is flexed to approximately 90 degrees. Then, the older adult is asked to reach the toes of the extended limb with his/her same side upper limb. If the middle finger could not reach to the toes, the distance is recorded as a 'minus' score; if it could touch the toes, then a distance of 'zero' score is recorded; and if it could reach past the toes, then the distance is recorded as a 'plus' score. |
Before the program and after eight weeks program |
|
| Primary |
Change from baseline upper extremity flexibility at 8 weeks |
The Back scratch test evaluates the flexibility of the upper extremities. The older adult is asked to stand up and place his/her preferred hand over the same shoulder, palm down and fingers extended, and reach down the middle of the back as far as possible. Then the researcher want the older adult to place the other arm around the back of the waist with the palm up and reach up the other hand. The distance between the middle fingers of both hands is measured with a tape. If the middle fingers do not touch each other, the distance is recorded as a 'minus' score, if it reaches the other, then a 'zero' score is recorded as; and if fingers could cross each other, then 'plus' score is recorded. |
Before the program and after eight weeks program |
|
| Primary |
Change from baseline balance and agility at 8 weeks |
The 8-foot up and go test determines the dynamic balance and agility of the older adults. The older adult gets up from a chair without any arm support and walk 2.44 meters as quickly as possible; then turn around a cone (at a specified position) and come back to sit down on the chair. The time between the older adults' starting movement and sitting down on the chair is recorded in seconds. |
Before the program and after eight weeks program |
|
| Secondary |
Change from baseline Berg Balance Scale at 8 weeks |
Berg Balance Scale evaluates the balance and determines fall risk in individuals. The scale assesses 14 tasks involving static and dynamic balance. Each task is given a score ranging from 0 (failed to complete the task) to 4 (performed the task independently). The scores of the 14 tasks are summed to obtain a total score ranging from 0 to 56. 0-20 points indicate balance disorder, 21-40 points indicate acceptable balance skills, 41-56 points indicate good balance. |
Before the program and after eight weeks program |
|
| Secondary |
Change from baseline Timed up and go test at 8 weeks |
The TUGT includes getting up from a chair, walking, turning, standing and sitting again, and assesses independent mobility and functional ability. Before the test, the individual is asked to get up from the chair, to walk at a safe and normal speed up to the previously marked distance of 3 meters, to turn, to walk backwards, and to sit on the chair. The time elapsed during this time is recorded in seconds. |
Before the program and after eight weeks program |
|
| Secondary |
Change from baseline Tinetti Fall Efficancy Scale at 8 weeks |
The Tinetti Fall Efficancy Scale assesses effectiveness and safety of individuals while performing daily activities. The scale has 10-items. These items are; going to bed and getting out of bed, sitting and getting out of a chair, bathing, dressing and undressing, lying in the closet, walking around the house, looking at the door or phone, preparing food, tidying the house, and shopping. In the scale, individuals are asked how safe they feel during these activities and they are asked to give a score between 1 and 10 (1 = safest, 10 = least safe). When all scores are added in scale, a total score between 0-100 is obtained. High scores indicate that the individual's fear of falling increases. |
Before the program and after eight weeks program |
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