Outcome
Type |
Measure |
Description |
Time frame |
Safety issue |
Primary |
Suicide Ideation Questionnaire (SIQ/SIQ-JR) |
The SIQ is a 15-item scale that analyzes frequency and severity of suicidal ideation over the past 6 months. Items are scored on a 7-point scale ranging from 0 "I never had this thought" to 6 "Almost every day." Scores of 30 for the SIQ and 23 for the SIQ-JR indicate severe suicidal ideation and need for clinical intervention. The scale has been used among AI adolescents with sound psychometric properties (Cronbach's alpha=0.97). |
Baseline - 6 months |
|
Primary |
The Resiliency Scales |
Measured by The Resiliency Scales, these are self-report scales measuring the individual's Sense of Mastery (MAS; composed of 20 items), the Sense of Relatedness (REL; 24 items), and the Emotional Reactivity (REA; 20 items). Each item has five response choices ranging from 0 (Never) to 4 (Almost Always). |
Baseline - 6 months |
|
Secondary |
Centers for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression (CESDR-10) |
The Centers for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression (CESDR-10) is a self-report scale used to measure depressive symptoms (Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.90 to 0.91 in a validation study). Scores on the CESDR-10 range from 0 (minimum) to 40 (maximum) with higher scores representing higher frequency of experiencing depression symptoms. CESDR-10 score is summed to provide an overall total for each participant. The full version has been widely used among adolescent and AI populations, including Apache youth. |
Baseline - 6 months |
|
Secondary |
Children's Negative Cognitive Errors Scale |
The Children's Negative Cognitive Errors Scale is a 17-item self-report scale that has 5 subscales (underestimation of the ability to cope; personalizing without mind reading; mind reading; selective abstraction; overgeneralizing) assessing cognitions about social/peer rejection, group activity competence and academic competence, and demonstrated excellent internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha=0.89). The participant indicates on a 5-point scale how similarly he/she would think in this situation ranging from "almost exactly like I would think" (5 points) to "not at all like I would think (1 point). Item scores are summed to produce a total score ranging from 16 to 80; higher scores indicate higher levels of negative cognitive errors. It has been previously used in a sample of Apache youth. |
Baseline - 6 months |
|
Secondary |
Problem-oriented screening instrument (POSIT) |
The Problem-oriented screening instrument (POSIT) is a 139-item scale assessing 10 potential problem areas (with associated subscales) including substance use and abuse, physical health, mental health, family relations, peer relations, educational status, vocational status, social skills, leisure/recreation, aggressive behavior/delinquency. For the current study, the team will only administer the Family Relations subscale, which includes 11 items measuring poor family functioning around parenting, communication and monitoring. Each item has a "yes" or "no" response and each "yes" item contributes to a total risk score for this functional area; the cut-off risk score for Family Relations is 4. It has been used with Apache adolescents and demonstrated adequate internal consistency reliability (alpha=0.73). |
Baseline - 6 months |
|
Secondary |
Urgency to Act, Lack of Perseverance, Lack of Premeditation, and Sensation Seeking (UPPS) Impulsive Behavior Scale |
UPPS is a 45-item inventory designed to measure four personality pathways to impulsive behavior: Urgency to Act, Lack of Perseverance, Lack of Premeditation, and Sensation Seeking. Each item is rated on a 4-point scale from 1= strongly disagree to 4 = strongly agree. Internal consistency has been established for each of the four pathways, with have high internal consistency reliability among Apache youth (Cronbach's alpha=0.92). |
Baseline - 6 months |
|
Secondary |
Multicultural Mastery Scale |
This scale is an adapted version of the self- and communal mastery scales for adolescents. This measure explores a wide parameter of topics, including youth resilience, stress and coping, and protection from substance abuse and psychopathology. Each item is rated on a 3-point scale from 0 = not at all, 1 = somewhat, and 2 = a lot. |
Baseline - 6 months |
|
Secondary |
Voices of Indian Teens Cultural Issues and Interest |
This is a sub-set of 5 items that assesses the importance following traditional AI practices and values. Questions are drawn from the Voices of Indian Teens Survey (NIAAA grant R01 AA 08474) and have been used widely with AI teens including the Apache. |
Baseline - 6 months |
|
Secondary |
Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale |
This scale is a widely used 10-item self-report scale measuring feelings of self-worth, acceptance and self-esteem. Respondents rate how much they agree/disagree on a 5-point scale ranging from 1= strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree. The scale has been used with adolescent AIs with good reliability (alpha=0.84) |
Baseline - 6 months |
|
Secondary |
The Children's Hope Scale (CHS) |
The Children's Hope Scale (CHS) consists of 6 items and is based on a conceptualization of hope as consisting of two factors: agency and pathways. Agency is defined as the perception by the child that he or she is able to initiate and sustain action toward a goal. The pathways factor involves the child's capability of producing the means to achieve these goals. The CHS includes two subscales measuring agency (3 items) and pathways (3 items). Each item asks the respondent to choose how he/she thinks about himself/herself and how they do things in general on a 6-point scale ranging from "none of the time" to "all of the time". Scores range from 0 to 18 on each of the two subscales, higher level scores indicate higher levels of agency or pathways respectively. The two subscales are scored to produce an overall hope score for each participant, with higher scores indicating higher levels of overall hope as conceptualized by the CHS. |
Baseline - 6 months |
|
Secondary |
The ASSIST |
The World Health Organization (WHO) Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) is a questionnaire that screens for all levels of problem or risky substance use in adults. A risk score can be provided for each substance, and scores are grouped into 'low risk', 'moderate risk' or 'high risk'. It has been validated in youth and adolescents, as well as adults. |
Baseline - 6 months |
|
Secondary |
Locally created items |
During initial research meetings, the investigators asked the team about changes the study team had observed in children as a result of the New Hope and Elders curriculum. The investigators then generated a list of items to include on the research study to help in capturing locally relevant changes in youth's thoughts, feelings and behaviors that could occur as a result of the interventions under study. |
Baseline - 6 months |
|
Secondary |
Applied Mental Health Research Group's Measures of Acceptability and Feasibility |
Acceptability and feasibility will be measured using 2 subscales from the Applied Mental Health Research Group's Implementation Science Research Measures. The acceptability scale has 13-items and the Feasibility scale has 20-item scales. Both scales were developed by researchers at Johns Hopkins to measure implementation of mental health programs in low resource settings. Items included in these scales are based on leading implementation science frameworks (Consolidated Framework for Implementation; Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance; and a conceptual model of evidence based implementation in public services sectors), and knowledge gathered from health systems, dissemination and implementation science experts. The scales have demonstrated good psychometric properties across a range of stakeholder groups in low income settings internationally (alpha=0.79, alpha=0.77). Each scale is scored on a 4-point ordinal scale ranging from 0 "not at all" to 3 "a lot." |
12 months - 24 months |
|
Secondary |
Program Sustainability Assessment Tool (PSAT) |
The PSAT was developed based on the Public Health Program Capacity for Sustainability framework. Researchers at Johns Hopkins have adapted this for use in low resource settings related to mental health programming. Adaptations included simplification of language, additions of items, inclusion of a leadership domain, and reductions in number of response categories. The adapted version of the PSAT has been validated in a sample of community-based mental health providers, using a novel vignette based testing approach. Results from the validation study indicated high internal consistency reliability across all subscales (0.93-0.97) and strong correlations of each subscale to overall ratings of program sustainability. |
12 months - 24 months |
|
Secondary |
Opioid Risk Tool (ORT) |
The Opioid Risk Tool (ORT) is a brief, self-report screening tool designed for use with adult patients in primary care settings to assess risk for opioid abuse among individuals prescribed opioids for treatment of chronic pain. Patients categorized as high-risk are at increased likelihood of future abusive drug-related behavior. The ORT can be administered and scored in less than 1 minute and has been validated in both male and female patients, but not in non-pain populations. |
Baseline - 6 months |
|
Secondary |
Opioid Questions |
The Opioid questions ask about lifetime and past year use of opioids, history of overdose, knowledge about others' drug overdoses, medical assisted treatment, and Southwest Native American adapted questions related to treatment history and effectiveness. |
Baseline - 6 months |
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