Outcome
Type |
Measure |
Description |
Time frame |
Safety issue |
Primary |
Change in state mindfulness (as measured by the VAS) |
A Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), an instrument commonly used in induction research (e.g., Hessler-Kaufmann et al., 2020), will also be used to assess the momentary experience of five mindfulness facets, as generally described by Baer et al. (2006). Specifically, there will be five researcher-developed VAS items (one for each facet of mindfulness), modelled on the items in the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ; Baer et al., 2006). Each VAS will consist of a small, unmarked ruler with anchors labeled as "0 = Not true at all" and "10 = Completely true." Instructions will read: "Please indicate the extent to which each statement below accurately reflects your experience in this moment on the corresponding ruler below by dragging the slider," for each of the five facets of mindfulness. Each scale will yield a single subjective state mindfulness facet score from 0 to 10, where a higher VAS score indicates greater state mindfulness (on that facet). |
Pre-post intervention (10-minute interval) |
|
Secondary |
Change in state mindfulness (as measured by the FFMQ-24) |
An adaptation of the 24-item Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-24; Baer et al., 2006; Medvedev et al., 2018) will also be used to measure state mindfulness. Similar to the original FFMQ-24, this questionnaire will consist of five subscales each assessing a specific facet of state mindfulness (observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judgmental acceptance, and non-reactivity), although items will be adapted to represent experiences in the present moment (rather than more generally). Respondents will be asked to rate each item on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Not true at all to 5 = Very true). Items will include, "I am 'running on automatic' without much awareness of what I'm doing," and, "I could easily find the words to describe my feelings." Higher scores on each of the adapted FFMQ-24 subscales indicate greater levels of that specific facet of state mindfulness. |
Pre-post intervention (10-minute interval) |
|
Secondary |
Change in state stress (as measured by the VAS) |
A VAS for stress (Lesage et al., 2012) will be used to assess state stress. This VAS will consist of a small, unmarked ruler with anchors labeled as "0 = Not stressed at all" and "10 = As bad as it could be." Participants will be asked to "Indicate how stressed you feel in this moment on the ruler below by dragging the slider." The scale yields a single subjective stress score from 0 to 10, where a higher VAS score indicates greater state stress. |
Pre-post intervention (10-minute interval) |
|
Secondary |
Change in state stress (as measured by the PSM-9) |
The 9-item Psychological Stress Measure (PSM-9; Lemyre & Tessier, 2003) will also be used to assess state stress. The PSM-9 consists of items such as, "I feel calm," "I feel rushed; I do not seem to have enough time," and, "I feel stressed," rated on an 8-point Likert scale ranging from Not at all (1) to Extremely (8). For the purposes of this study, "in this moment" will be indicated as the timeframe of interest in order to ensure that participants are reporting their state of stress in-the-moment. A higher sum score on the PSM-9 indicates greater state stress. |
Pre-post intervention (10-minute interval) |
|
Secondary |
Change in well-being (as measured by the VAS) |
Similar to above, six VAS scales will be used to assess six aspects of state well-being (i.e., whether participants are feeling calm, good, focused, self-critical, distracted, frustrated). Participants will be asked to "Indicate how [calm/good/focused/self-critical/distracted/frustrated] you feel in this moment on the ruler below by dragging the slider" on four separate VAS scales. Each scale yields a single subjective score from 0 to 10, where a higher VAS score indicates greater state well-being (on that specific aspect). |
Pre-post intervention (10-minute interval) |
|
Secondary |
Acceptability (as measured by the TFA questionnaire) |
The Theoretical Framework of Acceptability (TFA) Questionnaire will be used to assess intervention acceptability (Sekhon et al., 2022). This measure assesses the seven components of the TFA (affective attitude, burden, ethicality, intervention coherence, opportunity costs, perceived effectiveness, and self-efficacy) which can help identify characteristics of interventions that may be improved (Sekhon et al., 2017). The TFA Questionnaire is adaptable and can be used to evaluate various healthcare interventions. It consists of seven items, each pertaining to one of the components listed above, as well as an eight item that assesses general acceptability. For this trial, the item pertaining to opportunity costs will be omitted as it was deemed not applicable. In its place, an eighth item was created and added to this measure, reflecting concerns around the participant's assigned intervention. All items are rated on 5-point scales; a higher mean score indicates greater acceptability. |
Post-intervention only (5 minutes) |
|
Secondary |
Acceptability (as measured by the IMI) |
Subscales of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI; Ryan, 1982) will also be used to assess acceptability from a SDT-perspective, as the IMI is intended to assess participants' subjective experience of a target activity in experimental research. For the purposes of this study, four subscales of this measure will be included: interest/enjoyment (5 items; e.g., "I enjoyed doing this activity very much"), perceived competence (5 items; e.g., "I am satisfied with my performance on this activity"), perceived autonomy (6 items; e.g., "I believe I had some choice in how I went about doing this activity"), and value/usefulness (7 items; e.g., "I believe this activity could be of some value to me"). All items are rated on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from Not at all true (1) to Very true (7). |
Post-intervention only (5 minutes) |
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