Comprehensive Study of Post-surgical Pain After Pectus or Spine Surgery

Pain, Postoperative Clinical Trial

Official title:

Genetic, Epigenetic, Psychosocial, and Biological Determinants of Post-surgical Pain After Pectus or Spine Surgery

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Enrolling by invitation

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT04031716
• Other study ID #: 2017-5817
• Status: Enrolling by invitation
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: July 6, 2018
• Est. completion date: December 31, 2024

Study information

• Verified date: January 2024
• Source: Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

This will be a prospective study to determine the association between specific genotypes, epigenetics, behavioral, social and biological factors, with the phenotypes, defined by pain perception, postoperative pain, analgesic effects, side effects to perioperative analgesics, chronic postoperative pain, and gene expression in patients following pectus excavatum repair.

Description:

This study will be a clinical prospective study. It is observational for all aims except with regard to the Meditation Intervention, which will be limited to 100 pectus and 100 spine participants (randomized to 50/50 in each arm). We will recruit 600 qualifying participants over the study period to acquire the necessary data to derive a predictive model matching phenotype to genotype. This study will not interfere with the standard anesthetic or perioperative care except for blood sampling from an indwelling line, and the use of additional integrative health procedures (focused-attention meditation guidance, as well as routine massage and breathing techniques) for the randomized meditation group. Research staff will administer psychosocial and somatosensory assessments, as well as record relevant data from participant's medical records. Integrative health will assist in teaching focused-attention meditation to the randomized meditation participants in the preoperative phase. Actigraphy devices will be provided to all participants, and MUSETM to those in the randomized meditation group. The pain team, in accordance with the Pectus Pain Management Protocol, will direct perioperative pain management.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Enrolling by invitation
• Enrollment: 600
• Est. completion date: December 31, 2024
• Est. primary completion date: December 31, 2024
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: 8 Years and older

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Children aged 8 years of age through adulthood

• Diagnosis of pectus excavatum or adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

• Scheduled for endoscopic pectus excavatum repair or spine fusion

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of or active renal or liver disease

• Major surgery requiring opioids in the last 5 years

• Severe respiratory problems (such as obstructive sleep apnea, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, or pneumonia within the last month)

• Cardiac conditions including, but not limited to, cyanotic heart disease, hypoplastic left ventricle, arrhythmia, hypertension with ongoing treatment, Kawasaki disease, or cardiomyopathies. Participants with asymptomatic valvular lesions or defects may be included

• History of seizures currently treated on medication (participants off medication and seizure free for greater than one year may be included)

• Taking no more than two concomitant medications known to induce or inhibit CYP2D6 activity, including paroxetine, fluoxetine, cimetidine, and duloxetine

• Needing postoperative ventilation or intraoperative cardiac bypass standby

• BMI >35

• Pregnant or breastfeeding females

• Non-English speaking

• Definite developmental delay

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Excavatum, Pectus
• Funnel Chest
• Pain, Postoperative
• Scoliosis
• Scoliosis Idiopathic

Intervention

Behavioral:
• Meditation
Participants assigned to the Meditation intervention will receive focused attention meditation training preoperatively, and encouraged to meditate for 20 minutes per day before surgery. In the postoperative inpatient period, the participants will be offered standard holistic health care, reinforcement of meditation training, and encouragement to practice at least 20 minutes of guided focused-attention meditation with breath as their focus, utilizing the MUSETM headband for bio-feedback, every day during their hospital stay. They will be asked to continue using the MUSETM neurofeedback-assisted meditation after hospital discharge, until their visit to repeat pain testing, at which time they will return the MUSETM headband.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center	Cincinnati	Ohio

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (204)

Al-Fahoum AS, Al-Fraihat AA. Methods of EEG signal features extraction using linear analysis in frequency and time-frequency domains. ISRN Neurosci. 2014 Feb 13;2014:730218. doi: 10.1155/2014/730218. eCollection 2014. — View Citation

Amtmann D, Cook KF, Jensen MP, Chen WH, Choi S, Revicki D, Cella D, Rothrock N, Keefe F, Callahan L, Lai JS. Development of a PROMIS item bank to measure pain interference. Pain. 2010 Jul;150(1):173-182. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.04.025. — View Citation

Angst MS, Phillips NG, Drover DR, Tingle M, Ray A, Swan GE, Lazzeroni LC, Clark DJ. Pain sensitivity and opioid analgesia: a pharmacogenomic twin study. Pain. 2012 Jul;153(7):1397-1409. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.02.022. Epub 2012 Mar 22. — View Citation

Aubrun F, Monsel S, Langeron O, Coriat P, Riou B. Postoperative titration of intravenous morphine. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2001 Mar;18(3):159-65. doi: 10.1046/j.0265-0215.2000.00796.x. — View Citation

Banik RK, Brennan TJ. Trpv1 mediates spontaneous firing and heat sensitization of cutaneous primary afferents after plantar incision. Pain. 2009 Jan;141(1-2):41-51. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2008.10.004. Epub 2008 Nov 17. — View Citation

Barratt DT, Coller JK, Somogyi AA. Association between the DRD2 A1 allele and response to methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatments. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2006 Jun 5;141B(4):323-31. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30319. — View Citation

Barski A, Cuddapah S, Cui K, Roh TY, Schones DE, Wang Z, Wei G, Chepelev I, Zhao K. High-resolution profiling of histone methylations in the human genome. Cell. 2007 May 18;129(4):823-37. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.009. — View Citation

Beaulieu P, Cyrenne L, Mathews S, Villeneuve E, Vischoff D. Patient-controlled analgesia after spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis. Int Orthop. 1996;20(5):295-9. doi: 10.1007/s002640050081. — View Citation

Belfer I, Dai F, Kehlet H, Finelli P, Qin L, Bittner R, Aasvang EK. Association of functional variations in COMT and GCH1 genes with postherniotomy pain and related impairment. Pain. 2015 Feb;156(2):273-279. doi: 10.1097/01.j.pain.0000460307.48701.b0. — View Citation

Berde CB, Sethna NF. Analgesics for the treatment of pain in children. N Engl J Med. 2002 Oct 3;347(14):1094-103. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra012626. No abstract available. Erratum In: N Engl J Med. 2011 May 5;364(18):1782. Dosage error in article text. — View Citation

Bernstein BE, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Costello JF, Ren B, Milosavljevic A, Meissner A, Kellis M, Marra MA, Beaudet AL, Ecker JR, Farnham PJ, Hirst M, Lander ES, Mikkelsen TS, Thomson JA. The NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Mapping Consortium. Nat Biotechnol. 2010 Oct;28(10):1045-8. doi: 10.1038/nbt1010-1045. — View Citation

Berntson GG, Bigger JT Jr, Eckberg DL, Grossman P, Kaufmann PG, Malik M, Nagaraja HN, Porges SW, Saul JP, Stone PH, van der Molen MW. Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology. 1997 Nov;34(6):623-48. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x. — View Citation

Bhayee S, Tomaszewski P, Lee DH, Moffat G, Pino L, Moreno S, Farb NA. Attentional and affective consequences of technology supported mindfulness training: a randomised, active control, efficacy trial. BMC Psychol. 2016 Nov 29;4(1):60. doi: 10.1186/s40359-016-0168-6. — View Citation

Biesiada J, Chidambaran V, Wagner M, Zhang X, Martin LJ, Meller J, Sadhasivam S. Genetic risk signatures of opioid-induced respiratory depression following pediatric tonsillectomy. Pharmacogenomics. 2014 Nov;15(14):1749-1762. doi: 10.2217/pgs.14.137. — View Citation

Bird A. Perceptions of epigenetics. Nature. 2007 May 24;447(7143):396-8. doi: 10.1038/nature05913. — View Citation

Birnie KA, Caes L, Wilson AC, Williams SE, Chambers CT. A practical guide and perspectives on the use of experimental pain modalities with children and adolescents. Pain Manag. 2014 Mar;4(2):97-111. doi: 10.2217/pmt.13.72. — View Citation

Blankenburg M, Boekens H, Hechler T, Maier C, Krumova E, Scherens A, Magerl W, Aksu F, Zernikow B. Reference values for quantitative sensory testing in children and adolescents: developmental and gender differences of somatosensory perception. Pain. 2010 Apr;149(1):76-88. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.01.011. Epub 2010 Feb 6. — View Citation

Bond C, LaForge KS, Tian M, Melia D, Zhang S, Borg L, Gong J, Schluger J, Strong JA, Leal SM, Tischfield JA, Kreek MJ, Yu L. Single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human mu opioid receptor gene alters beta-endorphin binding and activity: possible implications for opiate addiction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Aug 4;95(16):9608-13. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.16.9608. — View Citation

Bringuier S, Dadure C, Raux O, Dubois A, Picot MC, Capdevila X. The perioperative validity of the visual analog anxiety scale in children: a discriminant and useful instrument in routine clinical practice to optimize postoperative pain management. Anesth Analg. 2009 Sep;109(3):737-44. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181af00e4. — View Citation

Brown ML, Rojas E, Gouda S. A Mind-Body Approach to Pediatric Pain Management. Children (Basel). 2017 Jun 20;4(6):50. doi: 10.3390/children4060050. — View Citation

Buchheit T, Van de Ven T, Shaw A. Epigenetics and the transition from acute to chronic pain. Pain Med. 2012 Nov;13(11):1474-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01488.x. Epub 2012 Sep 14. — View Citation

Bulloch B, Tenenbein M. Validation of 2 pain scales for use in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatrics. 2002 Sep;110(3):e33. doi: 10.1542/peds.110.3.e33. — View Citation

Bursac Z, Gauss CH, Williams DK, Hosmer DW. Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression. Source Code Biol Med. 2008 Dec 16;3:17. doi: 10.1186/1751-0473-3-17. — View Citation

Caldas JC, Pais-Ribeiro JL, Carneiro SR. General anesthesia, surgery and hospitalization in children and their effects upon cognitive, academic, emotional and sociobehavioral development - a review. Paediatr Anaesth. 2004 Nov;14(11):910-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2004.01350.x. — View Citation

Carver CS, & White, TL. Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1994; 67(2): 319-333.

Chen E, Zeltzer LK, Craske MG, Katz ER. Alteration of memory in the reduction of children's distress during repeated aversive medical procedures. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999 Aug;67(4):481-90. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.67.4.481. — View Citation

Chen H, Wang C, Conomos MP, Stilp AM, Li Z, Sofer T, Szpiro AA, Chen W, Brehm JM, Celedon JC, Redline S, Papanicolaou GJ, Thornton TA, Laurie CC, Rice K, Lin X. Control for Population Structure and Relatedness for Binary Traits in Genetic Association Studies via Logistic Mixed Models. Am J Hum Genet. 2016 Apr 7;98(4):653-66. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.02.012. Epub 2016 Mar 24. — View Citation

Chen ZX, Riggs AD. DNA methylation and demethylation in mammals. J Biol Chem. 2011 May 27;286(21):18347-53. doi: 10.1074/jbc.R110.205286. Epub 2011 Mar 24. — View Citation

Chiang KP, Gerber AL, Sipe JC, Cravatt BF. Reduced cellular expression and activity of the P129T mutant of human fatty acid amide hydrolase: evidence for a link between defects in the endocannabinoid system and problem drug use. Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Sep 15;13(18):2113-9. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddh216. Epub 2004 Jul 14. — View Citation

Chidambaran V, Ding L, Moore DL, Spruance K, Cudilo EM, Pilipenko V, Hossain M, Sturm P, Kashikar-Zuck S, Martin LJ, Sadhasivam S. Predicting the pain continuum after adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: A prospective cohort study. Eur J Pain. 2017 Aug;21(7):1252-1265. doi: 10.1002/ejp.1025. Epub 2017 Mar 27. — View Citation

Chidambaran V, Mavi J, Esslinger H, Pilipenko V, Martin LJ, Zhang K, Sadhasivam S. Association of OPRM1 A118G variant with risk of morphine-induced respiratory depression following spine fusion in adolescents. Pharmacogenomics J. 2015 Jun;15(3):255-62. doi: 10.1038/tpj.2014.59. Epub 2014 Sep 30. — View Citation

Chizarifard A. SEM Analysis of Epigenetic Data. Uppsala: Uppsala University; 2014.

Chorbov VM, Todorov AA, Lynskey MT, Cicero TJ. Elevated levels of DNA methylation at the OPRM1 promoter in blood and sperm from male opioid addicts. J Opioid Manag. 2011 Jul-Aug;7(4):258-64. doi: 10.5055/jom.2011.0067. — View Citation

Chou WY, Wang CH, Liu PH, Liu CC, Tseng CC, Jawan B. Human opioid receptor A118G polymorphism affects intravenous patient-controlled analgesia morphine consumption after total abdominal hysterectomy. Anesthesiology. 2006 Aug;105(2):334-7. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200608000-00016. — View Citation

Chou WY, Yang LC, Lu HF, Ko JY, Wang CH, Lin SH, Lee TH, Concejero A, Hsu CJ. Association of mu-opioid receptor gene polymorphism (A118G) with variations in morphine consumption for analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2006 Aug;50(7):787-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2006.01058.x. — View Citation

Chu LF, Clark DJ, Angst MS. Opioid tolerance and hyperalgesia in chronic pain patients after one month of oral morphine therapy: a preliminary prospective study. J Pain. 2006 Jan;7(1):43-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2005.08.001. — View Citation

Chung KF, Kan KK, Yeung WF. Assessing insomnia in adolescents: comparison of Insomnia Severity Index, Athens Insomnia Scale and Sleep Quality Index. Sleep Med. 2011 May;12(5):463-70. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2010.09.019. Epub 2011 Apr 13. — View Citation

Coller JK, Barratt DT, Dahlen K, Loennechen MH, Somogyi AA. ABCB1 genetic variability and methadone dosage requirements in opioid-dependent individuals. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Dec;80(6):682-90. doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.09.011. — View Citation

Connelly M, Fulmer RD, Prohaska J, Anson L, Dryer L, Thomas V, Ariagno JE, Price N, Schwend R. Predictors of postoperative pain trajectories in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014 Feb 1;39(3):E174-81. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000099. — View Citation

Cotton S, Luberto CM, Bogenschutz LH, Pelley TJ, Dusek J. Integrative care therapies and pain in hospitalized children and adolescents: a retrospective database review. J Altern Complement Med. 2014 Feb;20(2):98-102. doi: 10.1089/acm.2013.0306. Epub 2013 Oct 31. — View Citation

Coulbault L, Beaussier M, Verstuyft C, Weickmans H, Dubert L, Tregouet D, Descot C, Parc Y, Lienhart A, Jaillon P, Becquemont L. Environmental and genetic factors associated with morphine response in the postoperative period. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Apr;79(4):316-24. doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.01.007. — View Citation

Crews KR, Gaedigk A, Dunnenberger HM, Leeder JS, Klein TE, Caudle KE, Haidar CE, Shen DD, Callaghan JT, Sadhasivam S, Prows CA, Kharasch ED, Skaar TC; Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype and codeine therapy: 2014 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Apr;95(4):376-82. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2013.254. Epub 2014 Jan 23. — View Citation

Creyghton MP, Cheng AW, Welstead GG, Kooistra T, Carey BW, Steine EJ, Hanna J, Lodato MA, Frampton GM, Sharp PA, Boyer LA, Young RA, Jaenisch R. Histone H3K27ac separates active from poised enhancers and predicts developmental state. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Dec 14;107(50):21931-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1016071107. Epub 2010 Nov 24. — View Citation

Crombez G, Bijttebier P, Eccleston C, Mascagni T, Mertens G, Goubert L, Verstraeten K. The child version of the pain catastrophizing scale (PCS-C): a preliminary validation. Pain. 2003 Aug;104(3):639-646. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00121-0. — View Citation

Crow M, Denk F, McMahon SB. Genes and epigenetic processes as prospective pain targets. Genome Med. 2013 Feb 15;5(2):12. doi: 10.1186/gm416. eCollection 2013. — View Citation

Cunningham NR, Kashikar-Zuck S, Mara C, Goldschneider KR, Revicki DA, Dampier C, Sherry DD, Crosby L, Carle A, Cook KF, Morgan EM. Development and validation of the self-reported PROMIS pediatric pain behavior item bank and short form scale. Pain. 2017 Jul;158(7):1323-1331. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000914. — View Citation

Cunningham NR, Lynch-Jordan A, Barnett K, Peugh J, Sil S, Goldschneider K, Kashikar-Zuck S. Child pain catastrophizing mediates the relation between parent responses to pain and disability in youth with functional abdominal pain. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014 Dec;59(6):732-8. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000529. — View Citation

Danev S, Radneva R, Zlatarov I. Changes in heart rate variability due to informational, physical and emotional load, in laboratory and field conditions. Act Nerv Super (Praha). 1975 Sep;17(3):187-8. No abstract available. — View Citation

Dariotis JK, Mirabal-Beltran R, Cluxton-Keller F, Gould LF, Greenberg MT, Mendelson T. A Qualitative Exploration of Implementation Factors in a School-Based Mindfulness and Yoga Program: Lessons Learned from Students and Teachers. Psychol Sch. 2017 Jan;54(1):53-69. doi: 10.1002/pits.21979. Epub 2016 Nov 28. — View Citation

Davies MN, Volta M, Pidsley R, Lunnon K, Dixit A, Lovestone S, Coarfa C, Harris RA, Milosavljevic A, Troakes C, Al-Sarraj S, Dobson R, Schalkwyk LC, Mill J. Functional annotation of the human brain methylome identifies tissue-specific epigenetic variation across brain and blood. Genome Biol. 2012 Jun 15;13(6):R43. doi: 10.1186/gb-2012-13-6-r43. — View Citation

Denk F, McMahon SB. Chronic pain: emerging evidence for the involvement of epigenetics. Neuron. 2012 Feb 9;73(3):435-44. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.01.012. — View Citation

Desai AD, Zhou C, Stanford S, Haaland W, Varni JW, Mangione-Smith RM. Validity and responsiveness of the pediatric quality of life inventory (PedsQL) 4.0 generic core scales in the pediatric inpatient setting. JAMA Pediatr. 2014 Dec;168(12):1114-21. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.1600. — View Citation

Devane WA, Hanus L, Breuer A, Pertwee RG, Stevenson LA, Griffin G, Gibson D, Mandelbaum A, Etinger A, Mechoulam R. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science. 1992 Dec 18;258(5090):1946-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1470919. — View Citation

Dewalt DA, Thissen D, Stucky BD, Langer MM, Morgan Dewitt E, Irwin DE, Lai JS, Yeatts KB, Gross HE, Taylor O, Varni JW. PROMIS Pediatric Peer Relationships Scale: development of a peer relationships item bank as part of social health measurement. Health Psychol. 2013 Oct;32(10):1093-103. doi: 10.1037/a0032670. Epub 2013 Jun 17. — View Citation

Diatchenko L, Anderson AD, Slade GD, Fillingim RB, Shabalina SA, Higgins TJ, Sama S, Belfer I, Goldman D, Max MB, Weir BS, Maixner W. Three major haplotypes of the beta2 adrenergic receptor define psychological profile, blood pressure, and the risk for development of a common musculoskeletal pain disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2006 Jul 5;141B(5):449-62. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30324. — View Citation

Diatchenko L, Nackley AG, Slade GD, Bhalang K, Belfer I, Max MB, Goldman D, Maixner W. Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphisms are associated with multiple pain-evoking stimuli. Pain. 2006 Dec 5;125(3):216-224. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.05.024. Epub 2006 Jul 11. — View Citation

Diatchenko L, Slade GD, Nackley AG, Bhalang K, Sigurdsson A, Belfer I, Goldman D, Xu K, Shabalina SA, Shagin D, Max MB, Makarov SS, Maixner W. Genetic basis for individual variations in pain perception and the development of a chronic pain condition. Hum Mol Genet. 2005 Jan 1;14(1):135-43. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddi013. Epub 2004 Nov 10. — View Citation

Dowman R. Pain-evoked anterior cingulate activity generating the negative difference potential may reflect response selection processes. Psychophysiology. 2002 May;39(3):369-79. doi: 10.1017/s0048577201393113. — View Citation

Dowman R. The role of the pain-evoked negative difference potential in dual-task response conflict. Eur J Pain. 2004 Dec;8(6):567-78. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.02.001. — View Citation

Dowsey MM, Castle DJ, Knowles SR, Monshat K, Salzberg MR, Choong PF. The effect of mindfulness training prior to total joint arthroplasty on post-operative pain and physical function: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2014 Jun 5;15:208. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-208. — View Citation

Du P, Zhang X, Huang CC, Jafari N, Kibbe WA, Hou L, Lin SM. Comparison of Beta-value and M-value methods for quantifying methylation levels by microarray analysis. BMC Bioinformatics. 2010 Nov 30;11:587. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-11-587. — View Citation

Duedahl TH, Hansen EH. A qualitative systematic review of morphine treatment in children with postoperative pain. Paediatr Anaesth. 2007 Aug;17(8):756-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2007.02213.x. — View Citation

ENCODE Project Consortium. An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome. Nature. 2012 Sep 6;489(7414):57-74. doi: 10.1038/nature11247. — View Citation

Evans S, Seidman LC, Tsao JC, Lung KC, Zeltzer LK, Naliboff BD. Heart rate variability as a biomarker for autonomic nervous system response differences between children with chronic pain and healthy control children. J Pain Res. 2013 Jun 12;6:449-57. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S43849. Print 2013. — View Citation

Freynhagen R, Baron R, Gockel U, Tolle TR. painDETECT: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006 Oct;22(10):1911-20. doi: 10.1185/030079906X132488. — View Citation

Freynhagen R, Tolle TR, Gockel U, Baron R. The painDETECT project - far more than a screening tool on neuropathic pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2016 Jun;32(6):1033-57. doi: 10.1185/03007995.2016.1157460. Epub 2016 Mar 11. — View Citation

Fukuda T, Chidambaran V, Mizuno T, Venkatasubramanian R, Ngamprasertwong P, Olbrecht V, Esslinger HR, Vinks AA, Sadhasivam S. OCT1 genetic variants influence the pharmacokinetics of morphine in children. Pharmacogenomics. 2013 Jul;14(10):1141-51. doi: 10.2217/pgs.13.94. — View Citation

Gaskin DJ, Richard P. The economic costs of pain in the United States. J Pain. 2012 Aug;13(8):715-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.03.009. Epub 2012 May 16. — View Citation

George SZ, Parr JJ, Wallace MR, Wu SS, Borsa PA, Dai Y, Fillingim RB. Inflammatory genes and psychological factors predict induced shoulder pain phenotype. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014 Oct;46(10):1871-81. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000328. — View Citation

George SZ, Wallace MR, Wright TW, Moser MW, Greenfield WH 3rd, Sack BK, Herbstman DM, Fillingim RB. Evidence for a biopsychosocial influence on shoulder pain: pain catastrophizing and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) diplotype predict clinical pain ratings. Pain. 2008 May;136(1-2):53-61. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.06.019. Epub 2007 Aug 7. — View Citation

Gordon JA, Hen R. Genetic approaches to the study of anxiety. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2004;27:193-222. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144212. — View Citation

Gouda S, Luong MT, Schmidt S, Bauer J. Students and Teachers Benefit from Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in a School-Embedded Pilot Study. Front Psychol. 2016 Apr 26;7:590. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00590. eCollection 2016. — View Citation

Graff J, Kim D, Dobbin MM, Tsai LH. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression in physiological and pathological brain processes. Physiol Rev. 2011 Apr;91(2):603-49. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2010. — View Citation

Greco LA, Baer RA, Smith GT. Assessing mindfulness in children and adolescents: development and validation of the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM). Psychol Assess. 2011 Sep;23(3):606-14. doi: 10.1037/a0022819. — View Citation

Griffon A, Barbier Q, Dalino J, van Helden J, Spicuglia S, Ballester B. Integrative analysis of public ChIP-seq experiments reveals a complex multi-cell regulatory landscape. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Feb 27;43(4):e27. doi: 10.1093/nar/gku1280. Epub 2014 Dec 3. — View Citation

Guite JW, McCue RL, Sherker JL, Sherry DD, Rose JB. Relationships among pain, protective parental responses, and disability for adolescents with chronic musculoskeletal pain: the mediating role of pain catastrophizing. Clin J Pain. 2011 Nov-Dec;27(9):775-81. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31821d8fb4. — View Citation

Hall M, Frank E, Holmes G, Pfahringer B, Reutemann P, Witten IH. The WEKA data mining software: an update. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter 2009; 11(1): 10-8.

Hemmings SM, Martin LI, Klopper M, van der Merwe L, Aitken L, de Wit E, Black GF, Hoal EG, Walzl G, Seedat S. BDNF Val66Met and DRD2 Taq1A polymorphisms interact to influence PTSD symptom severity: a preliminary investigation in a South African population. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Jan 10;40:273-80. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.10.011. Epub 2012 Oct 26. — View Citation

Hindorff LA, Sethupathy P, Junkins HA, Ramos EM, Mehta JP, Collins FS, Manolio TA. Potential etiologic and functional implications of genome-wide association loci for human diseases and traits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jun 9;106(23):9362-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0903103106. Epub 2009 May 27. — View Citation

Hirschfeld G, Zernikow B, Kraemer N, Hechler T, Aksu F, Krumova E, Maier C, Magerl W, Blankenburg M. Development of somatosensory perception in children: a longitudinal QST-study. Neuropediatrics. 2012 Feb;43(1):10-6. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1307450. Epub 2012 Mar 19. — View Citation

Hocking LJ; Generation Scotland; Morris AD, Dominiczak AF, Porteous DJ, Smith BH. Heritability of chronic pain in 2195 extended families. Eur J Pain. 2012 Aug;16(7):1053-63. doi: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2011.00095.x. Epub 2012 Jan 26. — View Citation

Holzel BK, Lazar SW, Gard T, Schuman-Olivier Z, Vago DR, Ott U. How Does Mindfulness Meditation Work? Proposing Mechanisms of Action From a Conceptual and Neural Perspective. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2011 Nov;6(6):537-59. doi: 10.1177/1745691611419671. — View Citation

Hoofwijk DM, van Reij RR, Rutten BP, Kenis G, Buhre WF, Joosten EA. Genetic polymorphisms and their association with the prevalence and severity of chronic postsurgical pain: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth. 2016 Dec;117(6):708-719. doi: 10.1093/bja/aew378. — View Citation

Hwang CK, Song KY, Kim CS, Choi HS, Guo XH, Law PY, Wei LN, Loh HH. Evidence of endogenous mu opioid receptor regulation by epigenetic control of the promoters. Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Jul;27(13):4720-36. doi: 10.1128/MCB.00073-07. Epub 2007 Apr 23. — View Citation

Irwin DE, Stucky B, Langer MM, Thissen D, Dewitt EM, Lai JS, Varni JW, Yeatts K, DeWalt DA. An item response analysis of the pediatric PROMIS anxiety and depressive symptoms scales. Qual Life Res. 2010 May;19(4):595-607. doi: 10.1007/s11136-010-9619-3. Epub 2010 Mar 7. — View Citation

Jayamanne A, Greenwood R, Mitchell VA, Aslan S, Piomelli D, Vaughan CW. Actions of the FAAH inhibitor URB597 in neuropathic and inflammatory chronic pain models. Br J Pharmacol. 2006 Feb;147(3):281-8. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706510. — View Citation

Kain ZN, Mayes LC, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Karas DE, McClain BC. Preoperative anxiety, postoperative pain, and behavioral recovery in young children undergoing surgery. Pediatrics. 2006 Aug;118(2):651-8. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-2920. — View Citation

Kain ZN, Mayes LC, O'Connor TZ, Cicchetti DV. Preoperative anxiety in children. Predictors and outcomes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996 Dec;150(12):1238-45. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1996.02170370016002. — View Citation

Kanstrup M, Holmstrom L, Ringstrom R, Wicksell RK. Insomnia in paediatric chronic pain and its impact on depression and functional disability. Eur J Pain. 2014 Sep;18(8):1094-102. doi: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00450.x. Epub 2014 Jan 20. — View Citation

Karydis T, Aguiar F, Foster SL, Mershin A. Performance Characterization of Self-Calibrating Protocols for Wearable EEG Applications. Proceedings of the 8th ACM International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments; 2015; Corfu, Greece: ACM, New York; 2015.

Kashikar-Zuck S, Flowers SR, Claar RL, Guite JW, Logan DE, Lynch-Jordan AM, Palermo TM, Wilson AC. Clinical utility and validity of the Functional Disability Inventory among a multicenter sample of youth with chronic pain. Pain. 2011 Jul;152(7):1600-1607. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.02.050. Epub 2011 Mar 31. — View Citation

Kashikar-Zuck S, Goldschneider KR, Powers SW, Vaught MH, Hershey AD. Depression and functional disability in chronic pediatric pain. Clin J Pain. 2001 Dec;17(4):341-9. doi: 10.1097/00002508-200112000-00009. — View Citation

Kashikar-Zuck S, Lynch AM, Slater S, Graham TB, Swain NF, Noll RB. Family factors, emotional functioning, and functional impairment in juvenile fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Oct 15;59(10):1392-8. doi: 10.1002/art.24099. — View Citation

Kashikar-Zuck S, Vaught MH, Goldschneider KR, Graham TB, Miller JC. Depression, coping, and functional disability in juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Pain. 2002 Oct;3(5):412-9. doi: 10.1054/jpai.2002.126786. — View Citation

Katahira K, Fujimura T, Matsuda YT, Okanoya K, Okada M. Individual differences in heart rate variability are associated with the avoidance of negative emotional events. Biol Psychol. 2014 Dec;103:322-31. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.10.007. Epub 2014 Oct 18. — View Citation

Katz J, Seltzer Z. Transition from acute to chronic postsurgical pain: risk factors and protective factors. Expert Rev Neurother. 2009 May;9(5):723-44. doi: 10.1586/ern.09.20. — View Citation

Kehlet H, Jensen TS, Woolf CJ. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet. 2006 May 13;367(9522):1618-25. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68700-X. — View Citation

Kimchi-Sarfaty C, Marple AH, Shinar S, Kimchi AM, Scavo D, Roma MI, Kim IW, Jones A, Arora M, Gribar J, Gurwitz D, Gottesman MM. Ethnicity-related polymorphisms and haplotypes in the human ABCB1 gene. Pharmacogenomics. 2007 Jan;8(1):29-39. doi: 10.2217/14622416.8.1.29. — View Citation

Klepstad P, Dale O, Skorpen F, Borchgrevink PC, Kaasa S. Genetic variability and clinical efficacy of morphine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005 Aug;49(7):902-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2005.00772.x. — View Citation

Klepstad P, Rakvag TT, Kaasa S, Holthe M, Dale O, Borchgrevink PC, Baar C, Vikan T, Krokan HE, Skorpen F. The 118 A > G polymorphism in the human mu-opioid receptor gene may increase morphine requirements in patients with pain caused by malignant disease. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004 Nov;48(10):1232-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2004.00517.x. — View Citation

Knight JR, Sherritt L, Shrier LA, Harris SK, Chang G. Validity of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test among adolescent clinic patients. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002 Jun;156(6):607-14. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.156.6.607. — View Citation

Koch CM, Andrews RM, Flicek P, Dillon SC, Karaoz U, Clelland GK, Wilcox S, Beare DM, Fowler JC, Couttet P, James KD, Lefebvre GC, Bruce AW, Dovey OM, Ellis PD, Dhami P, Langford CF, Weng Z, Birney E, Carter NP, Vetrie D, Dunham I. The landscape of histone modifications across 1% of the human genome in five human cell lines. Genome Res. 2007 Jun;17(6):691-707. doi: 10.1101/gr.5704207. — View Citation

Kolesnikov Y, Gabovits B, Levin A, Veske A, Qin L, Dai F, Belfer I. Chronic pain after lower abdominal surgery: do catechol-O-methyl transferase/opioid receptor mu-1 polymorphisms contribute? Mol Pain. 2013 Apr 8;9:19. doi: 10.1186/1744-8069-9-19. — View Citation

Kotzer AM, Foster R. Children's use of PCA following spinal fusion. Orthop Nurs. 2000 Sep-Oct;19(5):19-27; quiz 28-30. doi: 10.1097/00006416-200019050-00005. — View Citation

Krigolson OE, Williams CC, Norton A, Hassall CD, Colino FL. Choosing MUSE: Validation of a Low-Cost, Portable EEG System for ERP Research. Front Neurosci. 2017 Mar 10;11:109. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00109. eCollection 2017. — View Citation

Kukreti R, Tripathi S, Bhatnagar P, Gupta S, Chauhan C, Kubendran S, Janardhan Reddy YC, Jain S, Brahmachari SK. Association of DRD2 gene variant with schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett. 2006 Jan 9;392(1-2):68-71. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.08.059. Epub 2005 Sep 23. — View Citation

Lai JS, Stucky BD, Thissen D, Varni JW, DeWitt EM, Irwin DE, Yeatts KB, DeWalt DA. Development and psychometric properties of the PROMIS((R)) pediatric fatigue item banks. Qual Life Res. 2013 Nov;22(9):2417-27. doi: 10.1007/s11136-013-0357-1. Epub 2013 Feb 2. — View Citation

Landman Z, Oswald T, Sanders J, Diab M; Spinal Deformity Study Group. Prevalence and predictors of pain in surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011 May 1;36(10):825-9. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181de8c2b. — View Citation

Law EF, Dufton L, Palermo TM. Daytime and nighttime sleep patterns in adolescents with and without chronic pain. Health Psychol. 2012 Nov;31(6):830-3. doi: 10.1037/a0026485. Epub 2011 Dec 12. — View Citation

Lawford BR, Young R, Noble EP, Kann B, Ritchie T. The D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene is associated with co-morbid depression, anxiety and social dysfunction in untreated veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;21(3):180-5. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.01.006. — View Citation

Lee YH, Shiah YJ, Chen SC, Wang SF, Young MS, Lin CL. Improved emotional stability in experienced meditators with concentrative meditation based on electroencephalography and heart rate variability. J Altern Complement Med. 2015 Jan;21(1):31-9. doi: 10.1089/acm.2013.0465. Epub 2014 Oct 29. — View Citation

Liu T, Ortiz JA, Taing L, Meyer CA, Lee B, Zhang Y, Shin H, Wong SS, Ma J, Lei Y, Pape UJ, Poidinger M, Chen Y, Yeung K, Brown M, Turpaz Y, Liu XS. Cistrome: an integrative platform for transcriptional regulation studies. Genome Biol. 2011 Aug 22;12(8):R83. doi: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-8-r83. — View Citation

Lotsch J, Geisslinger G. Are mu-opioid receptor polymorphisms important for clinical opioid therapy? Trends Mol Med. 2005 Feb;11(2):82-9. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2004.12.006. — View Citation

Lotsch J, Oertel BG, Ultsch A. Human models of pain for the prediction of clinical analgesia. Pain. 2014 Oct;155(10):2014-21. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.07.003. Epub 2014 Jul 11. — View Citation

Lotta T, Vidgren J, Tilgmann C, Ulmanen I, Melen K, Julkunen I, Taskinen J. Kinetics of human soluble and membrane-bound catechol O-methyltransferase: a revised mechanism and description of the thermolabile variant of the enzyme. Biochemistry. 1995 Apr 4;34(13):4202-10. doi: 10.1021/bi00013a008. — View Citation

Macrae WA, Davies HTO. Chronic postsurgical pain. In: Crombie IK, editor. Epidemiology of Pain. Seattle: IASP Press, 1999; p. 125-142.

Macrae WA. Chronic post-surgical pain: 10 years on. Br J Anaesth. 2008 Jul;101(1):77-86. doi: 10.1093/bja/aen099. Epub 2008 Apr 22. — View Citation

Malboeuf-Hurtubise C, Lacourse E, Herba C, Taylor G, Amor LB. Mindfulness-based Intervention in Elementary School Students With Anxiety and Depression: A Series of n-of-1 Trials on Effects and Feasibility. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017 Oct;22(4):856-869. doi: 10.1177/2156587217726682. Epub 2017 Aug 30. — View Citation

Marshall-Gradisnik S, Johnston S, Chacko A, Nguyen T, Smith P, Staines D. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and genotypes of transient receptor potential ion channel and acetylcholine receptor genes from isolated B lymphocytes in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome patients. J Int Med Res. 2016 Dec;44(6):1381-1394. doi: 10.1177/0300060516671622. Epub 2016 Nov 11. — View Citation

Maurano MT, Humbert R, Rynes E, Thurman RE, Haugen E, Wang H, Reynolds AP, Sandstrom R, Qu H, Brody J, Shafer A, Neri F, Lee K, Kutyavin T, Stehling-Sun S, Johnson AK, Canfield TK, Giste E, Diegel M, Bates D, Hansen RS, Neph S, Sabo PJ, Heimfeld S, Raubitschek A, Ziegler S, Cotsapas C, Sotoodehnia N, Glass I, Sunyaev SR, Kaul R, Stamatoyannopoulos JA. Systematic localization of common disease-associated variation in regulatory DNA. Science. 2012 Sep 7;337(6099):1190-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1222794. Epub 2012 Sep 5. — View Citation

McGraw T. Preparing children for the operating room: psychological issues. Can J Anaesth. 1994 Nov;41(11):1094-103. doi: 10.1007/BF03015661. — View Citation

Montes A, Roca G, Sabate S, Lao JI, Navarro A, Cantillo J, Canet J; GENDOLCAT Study Group. Genetic and Clinical Factors Associated with Chronic Postsurgical Pain after Hernia Repair, Hysterectomy, and Thoracotomy: A Two-year Multicenter Cohort Study. Anesthesiology. 2015 May;122(5):1123-41. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000611. — View Citation

Moore JH. Analysis of gene-gene interactions. Curr Protoc Hum Genet. 2004 Feb;Chapter 1:Unit 1.14. doi: 10.1002/0471142905.hg0114s39. — View Citation

Morin CM, Belleville G, Belanger L, Ivers H. The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep. 2011 May 1;34(5):601-8. doi: 10.1093/sleep/34.5.601. — View Citation

Nackley AG, Tan KS, Fecho K, Flood P, Diatchenko L, Maixner W. Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition increases pain sensitivity through activation of both beta2- and beta3-adrenergic receptors. Pain. 2007 Apr;128(3):199-208. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.09.022. Epub 2006 Nov 7. — View Citation

Nahman-Averbuch H, Coghill RC. Pain-autonomic relationships: implications for experimental design and the search for an "objective marker" for pain. Pain. 2017 Nov;158(11):2064-2065. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001035. No abstract available. — View Citation

Nahman-Averbuch H, Sprecher E, Jacob G, Yarnitsky D. The Relationships Between Parasympathetic Function and Pain Perception: The Role of Anxiety. Pain Pract. 2016 Nov;16(8):1064-1072. doi: 10.1111/papr.12407. Epub 2016 Feb 16. — View Citation

Nakanii M, Nanba T, Uemura S. Pain Caused by the Pectus Bar Implant after the Nuss Procedure for Pectus Excavatum among Junior High and High School Children. Kawasaki Journal of Medical Welfare 2011; 17(1): 15-21.

Nielsen DA, Yuferov V, Hamon S, Jackson C, Ho A, Ott J, Kreek MJ. Increased OPRM1 DNA methylation in lymphocytes of methadone-maintained former heroin addicts. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 Mar;34(4):867-73. doi: 10.1038/npp.2008.108. Epub 2008 Jul 23. Erratum In: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 Mar;34(4):1087. — View Citation

Noponen-Hietala N, Virtanen I, Karttunen R, Schwenke S, Jakkula E, Li H, Merikivi R, Barral S, Ott J, Karppinen J, Ala-Kokko L. Genetic variations in IL6 associate with intervertebral disc disease characterized by sciatica. Pain. 2005 Mar;114(1-2):186-94. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.015. Epub 2005 Jan 22. — View Citation

Norbury TA, MacGregor AJ, Urwin J, Spector TD, McMahon SB. Heritability of responses to painful stimuli in women: a classical twin study. Brain. 2007 Nov;130(Pt 11):3041-9. doi: 10.1093/brain/awm233. Epub 2007 Oct 11. — View Citation

O'Brien EM, Waxenberg LB, Atchison JW, Gremillion HA, Staud RM, McCrae CS, Robinson ME. Intraindividual variability in daily sleep and pain ratings among chronic pain patients: bidirectional association and the role of negative mood. Clin J Pain. 2011 Jun;27(5):425-33. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e318208c8e4. — View Citation

Oertel B, Lotsch J. Genetic mutations that prevent pain: implications for future pain medication. Pharmacogenomics. 2008 Feb;9(2):179-94. doi: 10.2217/14622416.9.2.179. — View Citation

Oertel BG, Doehring A, Roskam B, Kettner M, Hackmann N, Ferreiros N, Schmidt PH, Lotsch J. Genetic-epigenetic interaction modulates mu-opioid receptor regulation. Hum Mol Genet. 2012 Nov 1;21(21):4751-60. doi: 10.1093/hmg/dds314. Epub 2012 Aug 8. — View Citation

Oertel BG, Schmidt R, Schneider A, Geisslinger G, Lotsch J. The mu-opioid receptor gene polymorphism 118A>G depletes alfentanil-induced analgesia and protects against respiratory depression in homozygous carriers. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2006 Sep;16(9):625-36. doi: 10.1097/01.fpc.0000220566.90466.a2. — View Citation

Orphanides G, Reinberg D. A unified theory of gene expression. Cell. 2002 Feb 22;108(4):439-51. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00655-4. — View Citation

Owen GI, Richer JK, Tung L, Takimoto G, Horwitz KB. Progesterone regulates transcription of the p21(WAF1) cyclin- dependent kinase inhibitor gene through Sp1 and CBP/p300. J Biol Chem. 1998 Apr 24;273(17):10696-701. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.17.10696. — View Citation

Page MG, Campbell F, Isaac L, Stinson J, Katz J. Parental risk factors for the development of pediatric acute and chronic postsurgical pain: a longitudinal study. J Pain Res. 2013 Sep 30;6:727-41. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S51055. eCollection 2013. — View Citation

Page MG, Stinson J, Campbell F, Isaac L, Katz J. Identification of pain-related psychological risk factors for the development and maintenance of pediatric chronic postsurgical pain. J Pain Res. 2013;6:167-80. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S40846. Epub 2013 Mar 5. — View Citation

Paqueron X, Lumbroso A, Mergoni P, Aubrun F, Langeron O, Coriat P, Riou B. Is morphine-induced sedation synonymous with analgesia during intravenous morphine titration? Br J Anaesth. 2002 Nov;89(5):697-701. — View Citation

Parker AE, Kupersmidt JB, Mathis ET, Scull TM, Sims C. The impact of mindfulness education on elementary school students: Evaluation of the Master Mind Program. Adv Sch Ment Health Promot. 2014;7(3):184-204. doi: 10.1080/1754730X.2014.916497. Epub 2014 May 19. — View Citation

Pasternak GW. The pharmacology of mu analgesics: from patients to genes. Neuroscientist. 2001 Jun;7(3):220-31. doi: 10.1177/107385840100700307. — View Citation

Patino M, Sadhasivam S, Mahmoud M. Obstructive sleep apnoea in children: perioperative considerations. Br J Anaesth. 2013 Dec;111 Suppl 1:i83-95. doi: 10.1093/bja/aet371. — View Citation

Perquin CW, Hazebroek-Kampschreur AAJM, Hunfeld JAM, Bohnen AM, van Suijlekom-Smit LWA, Passchier J, van der Wouden JC. Pain in children and adolescents: a common experience. Pain. 2000 Jul;87(1):51-58. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00269-4. — View Citation

Petersen KK, Arendt-Nielsen L, Simonsen O, Wilder-Smith O, Laursen MB. Presurgical assessment of temporal summation of pain predicts the development of chronic postoperative pain 12 months after total knee replacement. Pain. 2015 Jan;156(1):55-61. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.0000000000000022. — View Citation

Pralong E, Pollo C, Bloch J, Villemure JG, Daniel RT, Tetreault MH, Debatisse D. Recording of ventral posterior lateral thalamus neuron response to contact heat evoked potential in patient with neurogenic pain. Neurosci Lett. 2004 Sep 9;367(3):332-5. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.06.024. — View Citation

Price AL, Patterson NJ, Plenge RM, Weinblatt ME, Shadick NA, Reich D. Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies. Nat Genet. 2006 Aug;38(8):904-9. doi: 10.1038/ng1847. Epub 2006 Jul 23. — View Citation

Prows CA, Zhang X, Huth MM, Zhang K, Saldana SN, Daraiseh NM, Esslinger HR, Freeman E, Greinwald JH, Martin LJ, Sadhasivam S. Codeine-related adverse drug reactions in children following tonsillectomy: a prospective study. Laryngoscope. 2014 May;124(5):1242-50. doi: 10.1002/lary.24455. Epub 2013 Nov 13. — View Citation

Rabbitts JA, Groenewald CB, Tai GG, Palermo TM. Presurgical psychosocial predictors of acute postsurgical pain and quality of life in children undergoing major surgery. J Pain. 2015 Mar;16(3):226-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.11.015. Epub 2014 Dec 22. — View Citation

Rabbitts JA, Zhou C, Groenewald CB, Durkin L, Palermo TM. Trajectories of postsurgical pain in children: risk factors and impact of late pain recovery on long-term health outcomes after major surgery. Pain. 2015 Nov;156(11):2383-2389. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000281. — View Citation

Rabbitts JA, Zhou C, Narayanan A, Palermo TM. Longitudinal and Temporal Associations Between Daily Pain and Sleep Patterns After Major Pediatric Surgery. J Pain. 2017 Jun;18(6):656-663. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.01.004. Epub 2017 Jan 26. — View Citation

Rakvag TT, Klepstad P, Baar C, Kvam TM, Dale O, Kaasa S, Krokan HE, Skorpen F. The Val158Met polymorphism of the human catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene may influence morphine requirements in cancer pain patients. Pain. 2005 Jul;116(1-2):73-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.03.032. — View Citation

Ramsay MA, Savege TM, Simpson BR, Goodwin R. Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone. Br Med J. 1974 Jun 22;2(5920):656-9. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5920.656. — View Citation

Ramsay MA. Anesthesia and pain management at Baylor University Medical Center. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2000 Apr;13(2):151-65. doi: 10.1080/08998280.2000.11927660. No abstract available. — View Citation

Reid GJ, Gilbert CA, McGrath PJ. The Pain Coping Questionnaire: preliminary validation. Pain. 1998 May;76(1-2):83-96. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3959(98)00029-3. — View Citation

Reimann F, Cox JJ, Belfer I, Diatchenko L, Zaykin DV, McHale DP, Drenth JP, Dai F, Wheeler J, Sanders F, Wood L, Wu TX, Karppinen J, Nikolajsen L, Mannikko M, Max MB, Kiselycznyk C, Poddar M, Te Morsche RH, Smith S, Gibson D, Kelempisioti A, Maixner W, Gribble FM, Woods CG. Pain perception is altered by a nucleotide polymorphism in SCN9A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Mar 16;107(11):5148-53. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0913181107. Epub 2010 Mar 8. — View Citation

Reyes-Gibby CC, Shete S, Rakvag T, Bhat SV, Skorpen F, Bruera E, Kaasa S, Klepstad P. Exploring joint effects of genes and the clinical efficacy of morphine for cancer pain: OPRM1 and COMT gene. Pain. 2007 Jul;130(1-2):25-30. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.10.023. Epub 2006 Dec 6. — View Citation

Romberg RR, Olofsen E, Bijl H, Taschner PE, Teppema LJ, Sarton EY, van Kleef JW, Dahan A. Polymorphism of mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1:c.118A>G) does not protect against opioid-induced respiratory depression despite reduced analgesic response. Anesthesiology. 2005 Mar;102(3):522-30. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200503000-00008. — View Citation

Roth TL. Epigenetic mechanisms in the development of behavior: advances, challenges, and future promises of a new field. Dev Psychopathol. 2013 Nov;25(4 Pt 2):1279-91. doi: 10.1017/S0954579413000618. — View Citation

Sadhasivam S, Chidambaran V, Ngamprasertwong P, Esslinger HR, Prows C, Zhang X, Martin LJ, McAuliffe J. Race and unequal burden of perioperative pain and opioid related adverse effects in children. Pediatrics. 2012 May;129(5):832-8. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-2607. Epub 2012 Apr 23. — View Citation

Sadhasivam S, Chidambaran V, Olbrecht VA, Esslinger HR, Zhang K, Zhang X, Martin LJ. Genetics of pain perception, COMT and postoperative pain management in children. Pharmacogenomics. 2014 Feb;15(3):277-84. doi: 10.2217/pgs.13.248. — View Citation

Sadhasivam S, Chidambaran V, Zhang X, Meller J, Esslinger H, Zhang K, Martin LJ, McAuliffe J. Opioid-induced respiratory depression: ABCB1 transporter pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenomics J. 2015 Apr;15(2):119-26. doi: 10.1038/tpj.2014.56. Epub 2014 Oct 14. — View Citation

Sadhasivam S, Chidambaran V. Pharmacogenomics of opioids and perioperative pain management. Pharmacogenomics. 2012 Nov;13(15):1719-40. doi: 10.2217/pgs.12.152. — View Citation

Sadhasivam S, Cohen LL, Szabova A, Varughese A, Kurth CD, Willging P, Wang Y, Nick TG, Gunter J. Real-time assessment of perioperative behaviors and prediction of perioperative outcomes. Anesth Analg. 2009 Mar;108(3):822-6. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e318195c115. — View Citation

Sadhasivam S, Krekels EH, Chidambaran V, Esslinger HR, Ngamprasertwong P, Zhang K, Fukuda T, Vinks AA. Morphine clearance in children: does race or genetics matter? J Opioid Manag. 2012 Jul-Aug;8(4):217-26. doi: 10.5055/jom.2012.0119. — View Citation

Sanger KL, Dorjee D. Mindfulness training for adolescents: A neurodevelopmental perspective on investigating modifications in attention and emotion regulation using event-related brain potentials. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2015 Sep;15(3):696-711. doi: 10.3758/s13415-015-0354-7. — View Citation

Seo S, Grzenda A, Lomberk G, Ou XM, Cruciani RA, Urrutia R. Epigenetics: a promising paradigm for better understanding and managing pain. J Pain. 2013 Jun;14(6):549-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.01.772. Epub 2013 Apr 19. — View Citation

Sesay M, Robin G, Tauzin-Fin P, Sacko O, Gimbert E, Vignes JR, Liguoro D, Nouette-Gaulain K. Responses of heart rate variability to acute pain after minor spinal surgery: optimal thresholds and correlation with the numeric rating scale. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2015 Apr;27(2):148-54. doi: 10.1097/ANA.0000000000000102. — View Citation

Shahidi S, Akbari H, Zargar F. Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction on emotion regulation and test anxiety in female high school students. J Educ Health Promot. 2017 Oct 4;6:87. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_98_16. eCollection 2017. — View Citation

Shapiro DH Jr. Adverse effects of meditation: a preliminary investigation of long-term meditators. Int J Psychosom. 1992;39(1-4):62-7. — View Citation

Sia AT, Lim Y, Lim EC, Goh RW, Law HY, Landau R, Teo YY, Tan EC. A118G single nucleotide polymorphism of human mu-opioid receptor gene influences pain perception and patient-controlled intravenous morphine consumption after intrathecal morphine for postcesarean analgesia. Anesthesiology. 2008 Sep;109(3):520-6. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318182af21. — View Citation

Sia AT, Sng BL, Lim EC, Law H, Tan EC. The influence of ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member -1 (ABCB1) genetic polymorphisms on acute and chronic pain after intrathecal morphine for caesarean section: a prospective cohort study. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2010 Jul;19(3):254-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2010.03.001. Epub 2010 Jun 2. — View Citation

Silverman WK, Goedhart AW, Barrett P, Turner C. The facets of anxiety sensitivity represented in the childhood anxiety sensitivity index: confirmatory analyses of factor models from past studies. J Abnorm Psychol. 2003 Aug;112(3):364-74. doi: 10.1037/0021-843x.112.3.364. — View Citation

Sipe JC, Chiang K, Gerber AL, Beutler E, Cravatt BF. A missense mutation in human fatty acid amide hydrolase associated with problem drug use. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jun 11;99(12):8394-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.082235799. — View Citation

Subramanyam R, Chidambaran V, Ding L, Myer CM 3rd, Sadhasivam S. Anesthesia- and opioids-related malpractice claims following tonsillectomy in USA: LexisNexis claims database 1984-2012. Paediatr Anaesth. 2014 Apr;24(4):412-20. doi: 10.1111/pan.12342. Epub 2014 Jan 13. — View Citation

Subramanyam R, Varughese A, Willging JP, Sadhasivam S. Future of pediatric tonsillectomy and perioperative outcomes. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2013 Feb;77(2):194-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.10.016. Epub 2012 Nov 16. — View Citation

Sun G, Kaushal R, Pal P, Wolujewicz M, Smelser D, Cheng H, Lu M, Chakraborty R, Jin L, Deka R. Whole-genome amplification: relative efficiencies of the current methods. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2005 Oct;7(5):279-86. doi: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2005.05.001. — View Citation

Tegeder I, Costigan M, Griffin RS, Abele A, Belfer I, Schmidt H, Ehnert C, Nejim J, Marian C, Scholz J, Wu T, Allchorne A, Diatchenko L, Binshtok AM, Goldman D, Adolph J, Sama S, Atlas SJ, Carlezon WA, Parsegian A, Lotsch J, Fillingim RB, Maixner W, Geisslinger G, Max MB, Woolf CJ. GTP cyclohydrolase and tetrahydrobiopterin regulate pain sensitivity and persistence. Nat Med. 2006 Nov;12(11):1269-77. doi: 10.1038/nm1490. Epub 2006 Oct 22. — View Citation

Uchida H, Ma L, Ueda H. Epigenetic gene silencing underlies C-fiber dysfunctions in neuropathic pain. J Neurosci. 2010 Mar 31;30(13):4806-14. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5541-09.2010. — View Citation

Uchida H, Matsushita Y, Ueda H. Epigenetic regulation of BDNF expression in the primary sensory neurons after peripheral nerve injury: implications in the development of neuropathic pain. Neuroscience. 2013 Jun 14;240:147-54. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.053. Epub 2013 Mar 4. — View Citation

Ueda H, Uchida H. Epigenetic modification in neuropathic pain. Curr Pharm Des. 2015;21(7):849-67. doi: 10.2174/1381612820666141027113923. — View Citation

Uemura S CY. Nuss Procedure for Pectus Excavatum and the Operative Results. Pedia Surg 2003; 35(6): 665-71.

Ushijima T, Nakajima T, Maekita T. DNA methylation as a marker for the past and future. J Gastroenterol. 2006 May;41(5):401-7. doi: 10.1007/s00535-006-1846-6. — View Citation

van de Water AT, Eadie J, Hurley DA. Investigation of sleep disturbance in chronic low back pain: an age- and gender-matched case-control study over a 7-night period. Man Ther. 2011 Dec;16(6):550-6. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2011.05.004. Epub 2011 Jun 8. — View Citation

Van Sickle MD, Oland LD, Ho W, Hillard CJ, Mackie K, Davison JS, Sharkey KA. Cannabinoids inhibit emesis through CB1 receptors in the brainstem of the ferret. Gastroenterology. 2001 Oct;121(4):767-74. doi: 10.1053/gast.2001.28466. — View Citation

Van Slyke DA, Walker LS. Mothers' responses to children's pain. Clin J Pain. 2006 May;22(4):387-91. doi: 10.1097/01.ajp.0000205257.80044.01. — View Citation

Varni JW, Seid M, Kurtin PS. PedsQL 4.0: reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0 generic core scales in healthy and patient populations. Med Care. 2001 Aug;39(8):800-12. doi: 10.1097/00005650-200108000-00006. — View Citation

Venkatasubramanian R, Fukuda T, Niu J, Mizuno T, Chidambaran V, Vinks AA, Sadhasivam S. ABCC3 and OCT1 genotypes influence pharmacokinetics of morphine in children. Pharmacogenomics. 2014 Jul;15(10):1297-309. doi: 10.2217/pgs.14.99. — View Citation

Voepel-Lewis T, Marinkovic A, Kostrzewa A, Tait AR, Malviya S. The prevalence of and risk factors for adverse events in children receiving patient-controlled analgesia by proxy or patient-controlled analgesia after surgery. Anesth Analg. 2008 Jul;107(1):70-5. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e318172fa9e. — View Citation

von Baeyer CL, Spagrud LJ, McCormick JC, Choo E, Neville K, Connelly MA. Three new datasets supporting use of the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-11) for children's self-reports of pain intensity. Pain. 2009 Jun;143(3):223-227. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.03.002. Epub 2009 Apr 8. — View Citation

von Baeyer CL. Numerical rating scale for self-report of pain intensity in children and adolescents: recent progress and further questions. Eur J Pain. 2009 Nov;13(10):1005-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.08.006. Epub 2009 Sep 17. No abstract available. — View Citation

Vucetic Z, Kimmel J, Reyes TM. Chronic high-fat diet drives postnatal epigenetic regulation of mu-opioid receptor in the brain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011 May;36(6):1199-206. doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.4. Epub 2011 Feb 16. — View Citation

Walker LS, Greene JW. The functional disability inventory: measuring a neglected dimension of child health status. J Pediatr Psychol. 1991 Feb;16(1):39-58. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/16.1.39. — View Citation

Wang C, Sadhavisvam S, Krekels EH, Dahan A, Tibboel D, Danhof M, Vinks AA, Knibbe CA. Developmental changes in morphine clearance across the entire paediatric age range are best described by a bodyweight-dependent exponent model. Clin Drug Investig. 2013 Jul;33(7):523-34. doi: 10.1007/s40261-013-0097-6. — View Citation

Webster LR, Webster RM. Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: preliminary validation of the Opioid Risk Tool. Pain Med. 2005 Nov-Dec;6(6):432-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2005.00072.x. — View Citation

Weissman-Fogel I, Granovsky Y, Crispel Y, Ben-Nun A, Best LA, Yarnitsky D, Granot M. Enhanced presurgical pain temporal summation response predicts post-thoracotomy pain intensity during the acute postoperative phase. J Pain. 2009 Jun;10(6):628-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2008.12.009. Epub 2009 Apr 23. — View Citation

Whitlock MC. Combining probability from independent tests: the weighted Z-method is superior to Fisher's approach. J Evol Biol. 2005 Sep;18(5):1368-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00917.x. — View Citation

Young EE, Lariviere WR, Belfer I. Genetic basis of pain variability: recent advances. J Med Genet. 2012 Jan;49(1):1-9. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2011-100386. Epub 2011 Nov 5. — View Citation

Zeidan F, Adler-Neal AL, Wells RE, Stagnaro E, May LM, Eisenach JC, McHaffie JG, Coghill RC. Mindfulness-Meditation-Based Pain Relief Is Not Mediated by Endogenous Opioids. J Neurosci. 2016 Mar 16;36(11):3391-7. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4328-15.2016. — View Citation

Zeidan F, Emerson NM, Farris SR, Ray JN, Jung Y, McHaffie JG, Coghill RC. Mindfulness Meditation-Based Pain Relief Employs Different Neural Mechanisms Than Placebo and Sham Mindfulness Meditation-Induced Analgesia. J Neurosci. 2015 Nov 18;35(46):15307-25. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2542-15.2015. — View Citation

Zeidan F, Gordon NS, Merchant J, Goolkasian P. The effects of brief mindfulness meditation training on experimentally induced pain. J Pain. 2010 Mar;11(3):199-209. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.07.015. Epub 2009 Oct 22. — View Citation

Zeidan F, Johnson SK, Diamond BJ, David Z, Goolkasian P. Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: evidence of brief mental training. Conscious Cogn. 2010 Jun;19(2):597-605. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.03.014. Epub 2010 Apr 3. — View Citation

Zeidan F, Vago DR. Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief: a mechanistic account. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016 Jun;1373(1):114-27. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13153. — View Citation

Zubieta JK, Heitzeg MM, Smith YR, Bueller JA, Xu K, Xu Y, Koeppe RA, Stohler CS, Goldman D. COMT val158met genotype affects mu-opioid neurotransmitter responses to a pain stressor. Science. 2003 Feb 21;299(5610):1240-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1078546. — View Citation

* Note: There are 204 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Pain score trajectory	Pain scores will be collected preoperatively through 1 year postoperatively	1 year
Primary	Changes in self-reported psychosocial scores (including anxiety, pain, coping, physical limitation, etc.)	Psychosocial measures will be collected preoperatively through 1 year postoperatively	1 year
Primary	Changes in heart rate variability	Heart rate variability will be assessed preoperatively and postoperatively	8 weeks
Primary	Changes in mean amplitude values for lower, upper, and entire alpha frequency bands by group (intervention/no intervention) and time (pre-surgery/post-surgery)	Brain activity will be assessed preoperatively and postoperatively	8 weeks
Primary	Changes in evoked response potentials (ERPs) during meditation and experimental pain tasks	Brain activity will be assessed preoperatively and postoperatively	8 weeks
Primary	Changes in sleep efficiency/duration (actigraphy) and self-reported sleep quality	Sleep efficiency and quality will be assessed preoperatively and postoperatively	8 weeks
Primary	Incidence of side-effect measures	Incidences of respiratory depression, sedation, postoperative nausea and vomiting will be collected during the recovery phase	72 hours postoperatively
Secondary	Changes in pressure pain threshold, conditioned pain modulation, tactile discrimination, and temporal summation index	Quantitative sensory testing will be assessed preoperatively and postoperatively	8 weeks