Post-tonsillectomy Pain Control in Adults

Pain, Postoperative Clinical Trial

Official title:

Post-tonsillectomy Pain Control in Adults: a Randomized Prospective Study

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Terminated

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT02358850
• Other study ID #: 0658-14-FB
• Status: Terminated
• Phase: Phase 4
• Start date: January 2016
• Est. completion date: January 24, 2019

Study information

• Verified date: July 2023
• Source: University of Nebraska
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

This is a randomized prospective study to determine the optimal postoperative pain medication regimen for adults (18 years old and older) undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy for chronic tonsillitis and/or snoring and/or obstructive sleep apnea. All participants will undergo the same tonsillectomy surgical technique (with or without adenoidectomy) under general anesthesia and be randomized to one of three postoperative pain control regimens (all of which are commonly used pain medications for post-tonsillectomy pain):

1. Norco (Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen)

2. Percocet (Oxycodone and Acetaminophen)

3. Dilaudid and Tylenol (Acetaminophen)

Participants will be discharged home the day of surgery and will be sent home with questionnaires to assess their daily pain level, oral intake, amount of nausea/vomiting, and amount of pain medications taken for the 14 days following their surgery. Data will be collected and analyzed to determine if there is a difference in pain levels or oral intake or nausea/vomiting in the different pain regimen groups. Secondary endpoints will include weight change from preoperative weight to weight at 2-3 weeks after surgery in addition to postoperative complications including visits to the Emergency Department and post-tonsillectomy bleed rates.

Participants will be seen 1-2 weeks following their surgery in the ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat) clinic per normal postoperative protocol and will not require any specific clinic visits related to this study.

Description:

Hypotheses

• There is an optimal pain control regimen for post-tonsillectomy pain control in adults

• Post-tonsillectomy pain levels in adults peak around postoperative day number seven

• Post-tonsillectomy adults return very slowly to normal (pre-surgery) oral intake and diet

Purpose

• To assess daily post-tonsillectomy pain level in adults for the two weeks after surgery

• To determine if there is an optimal post-tonsillectomy pain control regimen in adults for the two weeks after surgery

• To determine oral intake levels in post-tonsillectomy adults for the two weeks after surgery

• To determine daily amounts of nausea/vomiting in post-tonsillectomy adults for the two weeks after surgery

• To determine the change in weight in the two to three weeks after surgery

Study Background Tonsillectomy (with or without adenoidectomy) is a very common procedure in children and adults. The most common indications for tonsillectomies include chronic tonsillitis and/or obstructive sleep apnea. While many studies have examined the optimal postoperative pain control regimen in children, the optimal pain control regimen in adults remains poorly studied and understood.

Literature regarding post-tonsillectomy pain in adults has primarily focused on the specific tonsillectomy surgical technique (there are many) rather than the exact medications used for pain control. Interestingly, some of these aforementioned studies did not include the name, type or quantity of pain medications given to their patients when the primary study endpoint was pain. Additional studies have examined the role of steroids, antibiotics, and/or pain medications given by Anesthesia while a patient is anesthetized and undergoing tonsillectomy to determine if this can reduce postoperative pain. IV steroids given perioperatively to adults undergoing tonsillectomy have less pain, nausea, and vomiting in the first few days after tonsillectomy. IV steroids are now routinely given before tonsillectomy by most practicing Otolaryngologists, including our senior authors.

There are a limited number of studies looking at actual postoperative pain control regimens in adults. Most of these studies are limited in that they only looked at the first 24 hours following surgery rather than trending pain levels for the first week or two after surgery. Additional studies are limited because they are observational or prospective without comparative pain regimen groups (i.e. they gave all patients the same medications asked them their daily pain levels).

Furthermore, a majority of studies involving postoperative pain control used a "cold steel" technique tonsillectomy, which is uncommonly practiced in the United States by Otolaryngologists, who prefer the use of electrocautery devices for tonsillectomy. It is well known and accepted that cautery causes more postoperative pain due to thermal tissue injury, however it allows for a straightforward surgery with better intraoperative control of bleeding. Furthermore, randomized prospective studies for postoperative pain control following cautery tonsillectomy are lacking in the literature.

It is well known that the expected recovery period for adults is 2-4 weeks, during which they cannot work or do any strenuous activity. We would argue that the first 24 hours after tonsillectomy is actually better tolerated by adults because they have received high potency narcotics (usually through their IV) during and right after surgery. Therefore a more meaningful time period to study would be postoperative day number 1 - 14, when the patient is at home and the pain is most severe (most patients state that their pain peaks around postoperative number 5-7). Pain control is incredibly important issue in the post-tonsillectomy patient. If they have too much pain, they will not drink or eat enough to stay hydrated and nourished. This can lead to electrolyte abnormalities and dehydration requiring visits to the Emergency Department with or without admission to the hospital.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate post-tonsillectomy pain control in adults using three randomized medication regimens. All patients would undergo the same surgical technique to avoid confounding variables. Surgeries would be performed by Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Residents under the direct supervision of Otolaryngology staff attending surgeons. All of the proposed pain regimens are commonly accepted regimens used by practicing Otolaryngologists for adults.

Patients would be asked to complete a questionnaire that numerically evaluates their daily:

pain level, amount of oral intake, amount of nausea/vomiting, and amount of pain medications used. They would asked to mail in their results or return the clinic. Additional information would be collected from the patients and/or their medical records including visits to the emergency department, readmissions to the hospital, and postoperative complications including post-tonsillectomy bleeding. Data would be compiled and analyzed to determine the typical postoperative pain levels, daily oral intake level, and to compare the different pain regimens to determine if one is superior.

It is important to note that there are accepted risks of general anesthesia and undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy. Participation in this study would not change any of the accepted risk of undergoing the surgical procedure. The risks commonly discussed with patients before tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy include failure to resolve chronic throat infections, failure to resolve obstructive sleep apnea, voice changes after surgery, damage to lips/teeth/tongue, taste changes, dehydration, need to return to the emergency department, need for admission to the hospital, and 3-5% risk of post-tonsillectomy bleeding that may result in need for additional surgical procedures and/or blood transfusions.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Terminated
• Enrollment: 27
• Est. completion date: January 24, 2019
• Est. primary completion date: January 24, 2019
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years and older

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• 18 years and older

• Surgical indications: Chronic tonsillitis, Snoring, Sleep apnea

• Surgical procedure: Tonsillectomy with monopolar cautery, hemostasis with monopolar cautery and/or suction cautery. The surgical procedure can also include Adenoidectomy with suction cautery

Exclusion Criteria:

• Additional surgical procedures (i.e. UPPP (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty), septoplasty, inferior turbinate reduction) during same surgery

• Pregnant females

• Indications: Suspected malignancy

• History of chronic pain or daily pain medication used for another medical problem

• History of liver disease

• Contraindications to preoperative Decadron

• Contraindications to pain regimen medications (Tylenol, Norco, Percocet, Dilaudid)

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Body Weight
• Body Weight Changes
• Hemorrhage
• Pain, Postoperative
• Postoperative Hemorrhage
• Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
• Vomiting

Intervention

Drug:
• Norco (Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen)
Norco (Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen) 5/325 mg tab Take 1-2 tabs by mouth every 4-6 hours PRN (as needed) pain following Tonsillectomy for 14 days
• Percocet (Oxycodone and Acetaminophen)
Percocet (Oxycodone and Acetaminophen) 5/325 mg tab Take 1-2 tabs by mouth every 4-6 hours PRN pain following Tonsillectomy for 14 days
• Dilaudid (hydromorphone)
Dilaudid (hydromorphone) 2 mg tab Take 1-2 tabs by mouth every 4-6 hours PRN pain following Tonsillectomy for 14 days
• Tylenol (Acetaminophen)
Tylenol (Acetaminophen) 325 mg tab Take 1-2 tabs by mouth every 4-6 hours PRN pain following Tonsillectomy for 14 days

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	University Nebraska Medical Center	Omaha	Nebraska

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
University of Nebraska

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (9)

Ashbach MN, Ostrower ST, Parikh SR. Tonsillectomy techniques and pain: a review of randomized controlled trials and call for standardization. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2007;69(6):364-70. doi: 10.1159/000108369. Epub 2007 Nov 23. — View Citation

Diakos EA, Gallos ID, El-Shunnar S, Clarke M, Kazi R, Mehanna H. Dexamethasone reduces pain, vomiting and overall complications following tonsillectomy in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Otolaryngol. 2011 Dec;36(6):531-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2011.02373.x. — View Citation

Hiller A, Silvanto M, Savolainen S, Tarkkila P. Propacetamol and diclofenac alone and in combination for analgesia after elective tonsillectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004 Oct;48(9):1185-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2004.00473.x. — View Citation

Lee SW, Jeon SS, Lee JD, Lee JY, Kim SC, Koh YW. A comparison of postoperative pain and complications in tonsillectomy using BiClamp forceps and electrocautery tonsillectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008 Aug;139(2):228-34. doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2008.04.004. — View Citation

Naesh O, Niles LA, Gilbert JG, Ammar MM, Phibbs PW, Phillips AM, Khrapov AV, Robert AJ, McClintock A. A randomized, placebo-controlled study of rofecoxib with paracetamol in early post-tonsillectomy pain in adults. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2005 Oct;22(10):768-73. doi: 10.1017/s0265021505001274. — View Citation

Noordzij JP, Affleck BD. Coblation versus unipolar electrocautery tonsillectomy: a prospective, randomized, single-blind study in adult patients. Laryngoscope. 2006 Aug;116(8):1303-9. doi: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000225944.00189.e9. — View Citation

Parsons SP, Cordes SR, Comer B. Comparison of posttonsillectomy pain using the ultrasonic scalpel, coblator, and electrocautery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006 Jan;134(1):106-13. doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2005.09.027. — View Citation

Salonen A, Kokki H, Nuutinen J. Recovery after tonsillectomy in adults: a three-week follow-up study. Laryngoscope. 2002 Jan;112(1):94-8. doi: 10.1097/00005537-200201000-00017. — View Citation

Thorneman G, Akervall J. Pain treatment after tonsillectomy: advantages of analgesics regularly given compared with analgesics on demand. Acta Otolaryngol. 2000 Oct;120(8):986-9. doi: 10.1080/00016480050218744. — View Citation

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 1
Primary	Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 2
Primary	Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 3
Primary	Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 4
Primary	Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 5
Primary	Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 6
Primary	Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 7
Primary	Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 8
Primary	Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 9
Primary	Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 10
Primary	Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 11
Primary	Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 12
Primary	Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 13
Primary	Daily pain level	Daily pain level on scale from 0-10	Postoperative day 14
Secondary	Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 1
Secondary	Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 2
Secondary	Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 3
Secondary	Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 4
Secondary	Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 5
Secondary	Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 6
Secondary	Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 7
Secondary	Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 8
Secondary	Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 9
Secondary	Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 10
Secondary	Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 11
Secondary	Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 12
Secondary	Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 13
Secondary	Daily oral liquid intake	Daily estimation of cups of liquids consumed	Postoperative day 14
Secondary	Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 1
Secondary	Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 2
Secondary	Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 3
Secondary	Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 4
Secondary	Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 5
Secondary	Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 6
Secondary	Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 7
Secondary	Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 8
Secondary	Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 9
Secondary	Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 10
Secondary	Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 11
Secondary	Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 12
Secondary	Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 13
Secondary	Daily nausea/vomiting	Daily amount of nausea/vomiting with a scale from 0 - 4. 0 = no nausea; = mild nausea; = significant nausea and/or dry heaving; = vomiting	Postoperative day 14
Secondary	Weight Change from Baseline	Weight change comparing preoperative weight (kg) to postoperative weight (kg) at 2-3 weeks after surgery	Preoperative weight compared to postoperative weight at 2-3 weeks after surgery
Secondary	Visit to emergency department after surgery	Yes/No answer for if patient needed to visit the emergency department after surgery for any reason related to their surgery	Within 14 days after surgery
Secondary	Post tonsillectomy hemorrhage	If patient had a post tonsillectomy hemorrhage and if any treatment was needed	Within 14 days after surgery