Endurance-strength Training in Obese Women

Obesity Clinical Trial

— PSYCHENDOFIT  

Official title:

Effect of Endurance and Endurance-strength Training on Selected Aspects of Psychological Functioning of Women With Obesity

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT04793451
• Other study ID #: 753/13
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: December 6, 2012
• Est. completion date: December 30, 2017

Study information

• Verified date: March 2021
• Source: Poznan University of Medical Sciences
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three months' endurance training and three months' endurance-strength training on selected psychological aspects in women with abdominal obesity.

Description:

Study patients. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The study meets the standards of the Declaration of Helsinki in its revised version of 1975 and its amendments of 1983, 1989, and 1996.

Study design. The study was designed as a prospective randomized trial. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups, A and B, using a randomization list. Both groups performed three month of physical training. Group A underwent endurance training, while group B performed endurance-strength training. Aside from the training, all subjects were instructed to maintain the physical activity and diet that they had been practicing so far. At baseline and after three months of physical training, anthropometric measurements were performed and psychological questionnaires (Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10); The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES); Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34); Figure rating scale (FRS); The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18)) were fulfilled for both groups.

Intervention. The exercise program lasted three months, with three sessions per week. Women in both groups participated in a total of 36 training sessions. The women in group A underwent endurance exercise on cycle ergometers (Schwinn Evolution, Schwinn Bicycle Company, Boulder, Colorado, USA). Exercise sessions consisted of a five-minute warm-up (stretching exercise) at low intensity (50%-60% of maximum heart rate), a 45-minute exercise (at 50%-80% of maximum heart rate), five minutes of cycling without a load, and five minutes of closing stretching and breathing exercise of low intensity. Group B performed endurance-strength exercise consisting of a five-minute warm-up (stretching exercises) of low intensity (50%-60% of maximum heart rate), a strength component, an endurance component, 5 minutes cycling without a load, and a 5 minutes closing stretching and breathing exercise of low intensity. The 20-minute-long strength component was performed using a neck barbell and a gymnastic ball. Directly after the strength exercise, the women took part in a 25-minute endurance exercise on cycle ergometers (Schwinn Evolution, Schwinn Bicycle Company, Boulder, Colorado, USA) at 50%-80% of maximum heart rate. Both the endurance and endurance-strength training were comparable in exercise volume; the only difference was the nature of the effort.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 38
• Est. completion date: December 30, 2017
• Est. primary completion date: December 1, 2017
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: Female
• Age group: 18 Years to 65 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• informed written consent;

• simple obesity;

• age from 18 to 65 years;

• body fat content, assessed by electrical bioimpedance, equal to or more than 33%;

• waist circumference more than 80 cm;

• stable body weight in the one month prior to the trial.

Exclusion Criteria:secondary form of excess body mass

• secondary form of arterial hypertension

• mean systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg and/or mean diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg;

• diabetes;

• ischemic heart disease;

• stroke;

• heart failure;

• history of malignancy;

• clinically significant heart arrhythmias;

• a history of use of any dietary supplement;

• serious liver or kidney damage;

• abnormal thyroid gland function;

• clinically significant inflammation, connective tissue disease, or arthritis;

• nicotine, alcohol, or narcotic abuse;

• infection;

• pregnancy, childbirth, or lactation;

• any other condition that would make participation not in the best interest of the subject, or could prevent the efficacy of the study.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Cognitive Dysfunction
• Obesity
• Physical Exercise

Intervention

Behavioral:
• Endurance training
The women in group A underwent endurance exercise on cycle ergometers (Schwinn Evolution, Schwinn Bicycle Company, Boulder, Colorado, USA). Exercise sessions consisted of a five-minute warm-up (stretching exercise) at low intensity (50%-60% of maximum heart rate), a 45-minute exercise (at 50%-80% of maximum heart rate), five minutes of cycling without a load, and five minutes of closing stretching and breathing exercise of low intensity.
• Endurance-strength training
Group B performed endurance-strength exercise consisting of a five-minute warm-up (stretching exercises) of low intensity (50%-60% of maximum heart rate), a strength component, an endurance component, 5 minutes cycling without a load, and a 5 minutes closing stretching and breathing exercise of low intensity. The 20-minute-long strength component was performed using a neck barbell and a gymnastic ball. Directly after the strength exercise, the women took part in a 25-minute endurance exercise on cycle ergometers (Schwinn Evolution, Schwinn Bicycle Company, Boulder, Colorado, USA) at 50%-80% of maximum heart rate.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Poland	Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics; Poznan University of Medical Sciences	Poznan	Wielkopolska

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Poznan University of Medical Sciences

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Poland, 

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 1 at Baseline	In the last month, how often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly?	at Baseline
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 1 after three months of physical training	In the last month, how often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly?	after three months of physical training
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 2 at Baseline	In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life?	at Baseline
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 2 after three months of physical training	In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life?	after three months of physical training
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 3 at Baseline	In the last month, how often have you felt nervous and "stressed"?	at Baseline
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 3 after three months of physical training	In the last month, how often have you felt nervous and "stressed"?	after three months of physical training
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 4 at Baseline	In the last month, how often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your personal problems?	at Baseline
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 4 after three months of physical training	In the last month, how often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your personal problems?	after three months of physical training
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 5 at Baseline	In the last month, how often have you felt that things were going your way?	at Baseline
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 5 after three months of physical training	In the last month, how often have you felt that things were going your way?	after three months of physical training
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 6 at Baseline	In the last month, how often have you found that you could not cope with all the things that you had to do?	at Baseline
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 6 after three months of physical training	In the last month, how often have you found that you could not cope with all the things that you had to do?	after three months of physical training
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 7 at Baseline	In the last month, how often have you been able to control irritations in your life?	at Baseline
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 7 after three months of physical training	In the last month, how often have you been able to control irritations in your life?	after three months of physical training
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 8 at Baseline	In the last month, how often have you felt that you were on top of things?	at Baseline
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 8 after three months of physical training	In the last month, how often have you felt that you were on top of things?	after three months of physical training
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 9 at Baseline	In the last month, how often have you been angered because of things that were outside of your control?	at Baseline
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 9 after three months of physical training	In the last month, how often have you been angered because of things that were outside of your control?	after three months of physical training
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 10 at Baseline	In the last month, how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them?	at Baseline
Primary	Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) question 10 after three months of physical training	In the last month, how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 1 at Baseline	On the whole, I am satisfied with myself.	at Baseline
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 1 after three months of physical training	On the whole, I am satisfied with myself.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 2 at Baseline	At times, I think I am no good at all.	at Baseline
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 2 after three months of physical training	At times, I think I am no good at all.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 3 at Beseline	I feel that I have a number of good qualities.	at Baseline
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 3 after three months of physical training	I feel that I have a number of good qualities.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 4 at Baseline	I am able to do things as well as most other people.	at Baseline
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 4 at Baseline	I am able to do things as well as most other people.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 5 at Baseline	I feel I do not have much to be proud of.	At the baseline
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 5 after three months of physical training	I feel I do not have much to be proud of.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 6 at Baseline	I certainly feel useless at times.	at Baseline
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 6 after three months of physical training	I certainly feel useless at times.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 7 at Baseline	I feel that I'm a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with others.	at Baseline
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 7 after three months of physical training	I feel that I'm a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with others.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 8 at Baseline	I wish I could have more respect for myself.	at Baseline
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 8 after three months of physical training	I wish I could have more respect for myself.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 9 at Baseline	All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure.	at Baseline
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 9 after three months of physical training	All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 10 at Baseline	I take a positive attitude toward myself.	at Baseline
Secondary	The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) question 10 after three months of physical training	I take a positive attitude toward myself.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 1 at baseline	Has feeling bored made you brood about your shape?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 1 after three months of physical training	Has feeling bored made you brood about your shape?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 2 at baseline	Have you been so worried about your shape that you have been feeling you ought to diet?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 2 after three months of physical training	Have you been so worried about your shape that you have been feeling you ought to diet?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 3 at baseline	Have you thought that your thighs, hips or bottom are too large for the rest of you?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 3 after three months of physical training	Have you thought that your thighs, hips or bottom are too large for the rest of you?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 4 at baseline	Have you been afraid that you might become fat (or fatter)?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 4 after three months of physical training	Have you been afraid that you might become fat (or fatter)?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 5 at baseline	Have you worried about your flesh being not firm enough?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 5 after three months of physical training	Have you worried about your flesh being not firm enough?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 6 at baseline	Has feeling full (e.g. after eating a large meal) made you feel fat?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 6 after three months of physical training	Has feeling full (e.g. after eating a large meal) made you feel fat?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 7 at baseline	Have you felt so bad about your shape that you have cried?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 7 after three months of physical training	Have you felt so bad about your shape that you have cried?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 8 at baseline	Have you avoided running because your flesh might wobble?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 8 after three months of physical training	Have you avoided running because your flesh might wobble?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 9 at baseline	Has being with thin women made you feel self-conscious about your shape?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 9 after three months of physical training	Has being with thin women made you feel self-conscious about your shape?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 10 at baseline	Have you worried about your thighs spreading out when sitting down?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 10 after three months of physical training	Have you worried about your thighs spreading out when sitting down?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 11 at baseline	Has eating even a small amount of food made you feel fat?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 11 after three months of physical training	Has eating even a small amount of food made you feel fat?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 12 at baseline	Have you noticed the shape of other women and felt that your own shape compared unfavourably?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 12 after three months of physical training	Have you noticed the shape of other women and felt that your own shape compared unfavourably?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 13 at baseline	Has thinking about your shape interfered with your ability to concentrate (e.g. while watching television, reading, listening to conversations)?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 13 after three months of physical training	Has thinking about your shape interfered with your ability to concentrate (e.g. while watching television, reading, listening to conversations)?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 14 at baseline	Has being naked, such as when taking a bath, made you feel fat?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 14 after three months of physical training	Has being naked, such as when taking a bath, made you feel fat?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 15 at baseline	Have you avoided wearing clothes which make you particularly aware of the shape of your body?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 15 after three months of physical training	Have you avoided wearing clothes which make you particularly aware of the shape of your body?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 16 at baseline	Have you imagined cutting off fleshy areas of your body?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 16 after three months of physical training	Have you imagined cutting off fleshy areas of your body?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 17 at baseline	Has eating sweets, cakes, or other high calorie food made you feel fat?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 17 after three months of physical training	Has eating sweets, cakes, or other high calorie food made you feel fat?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 18 at baseline	Have you not gone out to social occasions (e.g. parties) because you have felt bad about your shape?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 18 after three months of physical training	Have you not gone out to social occasions (e.g. parties) because you have felt bad about your shape?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 19 at baseline	Have you felt excessively large and rounded?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 19 after three months of physical training	Have you felt excessively large and rounded?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 20 at baseline	Have you felt ashamed of your body?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 20 after three months of physical training	Have you felt ashamed of your body?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 21 at baseline	Has worry about your shape made you diet?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 21 after three months of physical training	Has worry about your shape made you diet?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 22 at baseline	Have you felt happiest about your shape when your stomach has been empty (e.g. in the morning)?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 22 after three months of physical training	Have you felt happiest about your shape when your stomach has been empty (e.g. in the morning)?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 23 at baseline	Have you thought that you are in the shape you are because you lack self-control?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 23 after three months of physical training	Have you thought that you are in the shape you are because you lack self-control?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 24 at baseline	Have you worried about other people seeing rolls of fat around your waist or stomach?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 24 after three months of physical training	Have you worried about other people seeing rolls of fat around your waist or stomach?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 25 at baseline	Have you felt that it is not fair that other women are thinner than you?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 25 after three months of physical training	Have you felt that it is not fair that other women are thinner than you?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 26 at baseline	Have you vomited in order to feel thinner?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 26 after three months of physical training	Have you vomited in order to feel thinner?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 27 at baseline	When in company have your worried about taking up too much room (e.g. sitting on a sofa, or a bus seat)?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 27 after three months of physical training	When in company have your worried about taking up too much room (e.g. sitting on a sofa, or a bus seat)?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 28 at baseline	Have you worried about your flesh being dimply?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 28after three months of physical training	Have you worried about your flesh being dimply?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 29 at baseline	Has seeing your reflection (e.g. in a mirror or shop window) made you feel bad about your shape?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 29 after three months of physical training	Has seeing your reflection (e.g. in a mirror or shop window) made you feel bad about your shape?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 30 at baseline	Have you pinched areas of your body to see how much fat there is?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 30 after three months of physical training	Have you pinched areas of your body to see how much fat there is?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 31 at baseline	Have you avoided situations where people could see your body (e.g. communal changing rooms or swimming baths)?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 31 after three months of physical training	Have you avoided situations where people could see your body (e.g. communal changing rooms or swimming baths)?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 32 at baseline	Have you taken laxatives in order to feel thinner?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 32 after three months of physical training	Have you taken laxatives in order to feel thinner?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 33 at baseline	Have you been particularly self-conscious about your shape when in the company of other people?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 33 after three months of physical training	Have you been particularly self-conscious about your shape when in the company of other people?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 34 at baseline	Has worry about your shape made you feel you ought to exercise?	at baseline
Secondary	Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ - 34) question 34 after three months of physical training	Has worry about your shape made you feel you ought to exercise?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 1 at baseline	Figure no. 1	at baseline
Secondary	Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 1 after three months of physical training	Figure no. 1	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 2 at baseline	Figure no. 2	at baseline
Secondary	Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 2 after three months of physical training	Figure no. 2	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 3 at baseline	Figure no. 3	at baseline
Secondary	Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 3 after three months of physical training	Figure no. 3	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 4 at baseline	Figure no. 4	at baseline
Secondary	Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 4 after three months of physical training	Figure no. 4	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 5 at baseline	Figure no. 5	at baseline
Secondary	Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 5 after three months of physical training	Figure no. 5	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 6 at baseline	Figure no. 6	at baseline
Secondary	Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 6 after three months of physical training	Figure no. 6	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 7 at baseline	Figure no. 7	at baseline
Secondary	Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 7 after three months of physical training	Figure no. 7	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 8 at baseline	Figure no. 8	at baseline
Secondary	Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 8 after three months of physical training	Figure no. 8	after three months of physical training
Secondary	Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 9 at baseline	Figure no. 9	at baseline
Secondary	Figure rating scale (FRS) - figure 9 after three months of physical training	Figure no. 9	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 1 at baseline	When I smell a sizzling steak or juicy piece of meat, I find it very difficult to keep from eating, even if I have just finished a meal.	at baseline
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 1 after three months of physical training	When I smell a sizzling steak or juicy piece of meat, I find it very difficult to keep from eating, even if I have just finished a meal.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 2 at baseline	I deliberately take small helpings as a means of controlling my weight.	at baseline
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 2 after three months of physical training	I deliberately take small helpings as a means of controlling my weight.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 3 at baseline	When I feel anxious, I find myself eating.	at baseline
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 3 after three months of physical training	When I feel anxious, I find myself eating.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 4 at baseline	Sometimes when I start eating, I just can't seem to stop.	at baseline
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 4 after three months of physical training	Sometimes when I start eating, I just can't seem to stop.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 5 at baseline	Being with someone who is eating often makes me hungry enough to eat also.	at baseline
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 5 after three months of physical training	Being with someone who is eating often makes me hungry enough to eat also.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 6 at baseline	When I feel blue, I often overeat.	at baseline
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 6 after three months of physical training	When I feel blue, I often overeat.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 7 at baseline	When I see a real delicacy, I often get so hungry that I have to eat right away.	at baseline
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 7 after three months of physical training	When I see a real delicacy, I often get so hungry that I have to eat right away.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 8 at baseline	I get so hungry that my stomach often seems like a bottomless pit.	at baseline
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 8 after three months of physical training	I get so hungry that my stomach often seems like a bottomless pit.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 9 at baseline	I am always hungry so it is hard for me to stop eating before I finish the food on my plate.	at baseline
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 9 after three months of physical training	I am always hungry so it is hard for me to stop eating before I finish the food on my plate.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 10 at baseline	When I feel lonely, I console myself by eating.	at baseline
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 10 after three months of physical training	When I feel lonely, I console myself by eating.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 11 at baseline	I consciously hold back at meals in order not to weight gain.	at baseline
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 11after three months of physical training	I consciously hold back at meals in order not to weight gain.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 12 at baseline	I do not eat some foods because they make me fat.	at baseline
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 12 after three months of physical training	I do not eat some foods because they make me fat.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 13 at baseline	I am always hungry enough to eat at any time.	at baseline
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 13 after three months of physical training	I am always hungry enough to eat at any time.	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 14 at baseline	How often do you feel hungry?	at baseline
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 14 after three months of physical training	How often do you feel hungry?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 15 at baseline	How frequently do you avoid "stocking up" on tempting foods?	at baseline
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 15 after three months of physical training	How frequently do you avoid "stocking up" on tempting foods?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 16 at baseline	How likely are you to consciously eat less than you want?	at baseline
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 16 after three months of physical training	How likely are you to consciously eat less than you want?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 17 at baseline	Do you go on eating binges though you are not hungry?	at baseline
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 17 after three months of physical training	Do you go on eating binges though you are not hungry?	after three months of physical training
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 18 at baseline	On a scale of 1 to 8, where 1 means no restraint in eating (eating whatever you want, whenever you want it) and 8 means total restraint (constantly limiting food intake and never "giving in"), what number would you give yourself?	at baseline
Secondary	The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18) question 18 after three months of physical training	On a scale of 1 to 8, where 1 means no restraint in eating (eating whatever you want, whenever you want it) and 8 means total restraint (constantly limiting food intake and never "giving in"), what number would you give yourself?	after three months of physical training