Outcome
Type |
Measure |
Description |
Time frame |
Safety issue |
Primary |
Pain sensitivity measures |
Quantitative sensory testing (QST) will be used to assess pain sensitivity with measures, such as pressure pain threshold (PPT). PPT is a valid measure of tenderness around the knee. QST is used to quantify pain perception and it is an objective measure of peripheral sensitisation (increased tenderness around the knee) and central sensitisation (increased pain perception in areas away from the knee). QST will be used to identify different pain phenotypes among participants and it will enable us to quantify peripheral and central sensitisation components of pain. Pain phenotypes will be then correlated to cognitive measures. |
Conducted once, at assessment visit approximately 10 minutes |
|
Primary |
Pain sensitivity measures |
Quantitative sensory testing (QST) will be used to assess pain sensitivity with measures, such as temporal summation (TS), TS is a measure of central sensitization. QST is used to quantify pain perception and it is an objective measure of peripheral sensitisation (increased tenderness around the knee) and central sensitisation (increased pain perception in areas away from the knee). QST will be used to identify different pain phenotypes among participants and it will enable us to quantify peripheral and central sensitisation components of pain. Pain phenotypes will be then correlated to cognitive measures. |
Conducted once, at assessment visit approximately 4 minutes |
|
Primary |
Pain sensitivity measures |
Quantitative sensory testing (QST) will be used to assess pain sensitivity with measures, such as conditioned pain modulation (CPM). CPM assesses the function of endogenous pain inhibitory pathways. QST is used to quantify pain perception and it is an objective measure of peripheral sensitisation (increased tenderness around the knee) and central sensitisation (increased pain perception in areas away from the knee). QST will be used to identify different pain phenotypes among participants and it will enable us to quantify peripheral and central sensitisation components of pain. Pain phenotypes will be then correlated to cognitive measures. |
Conducted once, at assessment visit approximately 6 minutes |
|
Primary |
Pain severity measure |
The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), which is a self-administered 24 items questionnaire with three subscales assessing pain, stiffness and physical function, is an extensively utilised tool for the evaluation of hip and knee OA and will be used in the current study. |
Conducted once, at assessment visit : approximately 5-10 minutes |
|
Primary |
Cognitive function |
Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) (objective measure) including tests of prefrontal-dependent sustained visual attention (Rapid Visual Information Processing, RVP, 7 min), attentional set shifting (Intra-/ Extra- Dimensional Set Shift, IED, 7 min) and hippocampus-dependent paired associate learning (Visual Learning Paired Associates Learning, PAL, 8 min) will be used. Other CANTAB tests will be included for comparison (reaction time test, RTI, 3 min; Stroop-like test, MTT, 8 min; spatial working memory test, SWM, 4 min). |
Conducted once, at assessment visit : approximately 40 minutes |
|
Primary |
Cognitive function |
Questionnaire cognitive measures, including the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) will be used. |
Conducted once, at assessment visit approximately 8 minutes |
|
Primary |
Cognitive function |
Questionnaire cognitive measures including the Cognitive reflection test (CRT) will be used. |
Conducted once, at assessment visit approximately 7 minutes |
|
Primary |
Neuropathic pain quality: PD-Q |
The PainDETECT Questionnaire (PD-Q) is a self-report questionnaire developed to discriminate between nociceptive and neuropathic pain. It has been further modified (mPDQ) for use among specific pain groups, for example, knee pain. Neuropathic pain symptoms as identified with the mPDQ have been found to correlate with signs of central sensitisation in OA, as identified with QST. |
Conducted once, at assessment visit : approximately 5-10 minutes |
|
Secondary |
Premorbid IQ |
The National Adult Reading Test (NART) will serve as a measure of general premorbid IQ. |
Conducted once, at assessment visit approximately 10-15 minutes |
|
Secondary |
Depression/Anxiety |
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), a 14-item measure designed to assess anxiety and depression symptoms will be also used. |
Conducted once, at assessment visit approximately 5-10 minutes |
|
Secondary |
Sleep Quality: PSQI |
Sleep disturbances are common within people experiencing chronic pain and are associated with impaired cognitive function both in males and females. For that reason, the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) will be utilised to assess sleeping patterns in people with chronic pain. |
Conducted once, at assessment visit approximately 5-10 minutes |
|
Secondary |
Physical function |
Functionality testing will be done using the 'time up and go' (TUG) test. |
Conducted once, at assessment visit approximately 6 minutes |
|
Secondary |
Physical function |
Functionality testing will be done using the 30-second sit to stand test (30CST) |
Conducted once, at assessment visit approximately 5 minutes |
|
Secondary |
Altruism/Decision making |
Participants will also complete a Dictator Game (DG) to explore the role of altruism in motivating subjects' behaviour in two independent settings, whereby participants will be given money (£10) and can donate some, all or none to: 1. an anonymous participant (75) and 2. a charity organisation. |
Conducted once, at assessment visit approximately 5-10 minutes |
|
Secondary |
Body mass index (BMI) |
Clinical assessment of body weight and height to determine BMI. |
Conducted once, at assessment visit approximately 5 minutes |
|
Secondary |
Inflammatory biomarkers |
Blood samples will be collected and serum sent for laboratory analysis to determine inflammatory biomarkers using RNA tubes. |
Conducted once, at assessment visit approximately 5-15 minutes for blood collection. |
|
Secondary |
biomarkers of insulin resistance |
Urine samples will be collected and sent for laboratory analysis to determine biomarkers of insulin resistance |
Once pre-assessment visit Urine sample will be collected at home and handed in at attendance of the visit 5 minutes |
|
Secondary |
gut microbiome measures. |
Faecal (optional) samples will be collected and sent for laboratory analysis to determine gut microbiome measures. |
Once post-assessment visit Faecal samples will be done home and sent back in prepaid envelope. 15 minutes |
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