HIV Infections Clinical Trial
Official title:
Assessing the Relationship Between Fatigue and Mitochondrial Toxicity in Patients With HIV/AIDS
This study will examine abnormalities in mitochondria (energy-producing machinery of cells)
and in genes related to mitochondria in the blood cells, muscle, and fat of HIV-positive
patients who are taking nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and in patients
not currently taking HIV medications, and compare the results to healthy volunteers. Many
patients with HIV infection take NRTIs to help control the infection. These medications may
damage cell mitochondria, possibly causing side effects such as fatigue. This study will
explore the relationship between changes in mitochondria and related genes and patient
reports of energy level, mood and quality of life.
Healthy volunteers and HIV-infected patients between 18 and 55 years of age may be eligible
for this study. Healthy volunteers must test negative for the HIV antibody. HIV-positive
patients must have been diagnosed positive for at least 1 year. Patients who are taking
antiretroviral therapy must have been taking the same drug regimen (with at least two NTRIs
and no protease inhibitors) for at least 3 months. HIV positive patients not taking
antiretroviral medication must not have had antiretroviral therapy for at least 1 year.
Candidates are screened with a medical history, brief physical examination, blood and urine
tests, and questionnaires related to mood and energy.
Qualified volunteers will undergo the following procedures during three or four study visits:
Visit 1
Complete history and physical examination, blood tests, and questionnaires about energy
level, mood, and quality of life.
Visit 2
Muscle and fat biopsy: Before the biopsy, blood is drawn to check blood counts and to test
for pregnancy in women who can become pregnant. The biopsy is done on an outpatient basis in
the operating room. The site of the biopsy (an area on the upper arm or upper leg) is numbed
with an injection under the skin. A 1-inch incision is made over the muscle to be biopsied
and a small sample of muscle tissue and small sample of fat are removed. The incision is then
closed and bandaged. Following the biopsy, you will be monitored for about 4 hours in the
clinic. Strenuous physical activity should be restricted in the week following biopsy to
allow healing.
Visit 3
Examination of biopsy site and possible apheresis: The biopsy site is examined for healing.
Apheresis may be scheduled for this visit or for an extra visit between the biopsy and the
final visit. This procedure for obtaining white blood cells for study is optional. For
apheresis, blood is withdrawn from a needle placed in a vein in the arm and the white cells
are separated from the rest of the blood. The white cells are extracted and the red cells and
plasma are then returned to the body through a second needle.
Both HIV infection and antiretroviral nucleoside analogues (nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors or NRTIs) are known to affect mitochondrial DNA content and mitochondrial
function. A number of important clinical syndromes observed in HIV-infected persons relate to
mitochondrial dysfunction including lactic acidosis, myopathy, cardiomyopathy, pancreatitis,
peripheral neuropathy, and possibly lipodystrophy. Fatigue, one of the most prevalent
complaints among persons with HIV infection, may also be the result of mitochondrial
toxicity, though this has not been clearly established.
Availability of minimally invasive tests to assess mitochondrial toxicity would greatly
facilitate understanding of the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to clinical
syndromes. Mitochondrial dysfunction ultimately results in lactic acidosis; however, venous
lactate measurements are neither adequately sensitive nor specific for identification of
early mitochondrial dysfunction. Muscle and liver biopsies are currently considered to be the
reference standards for the evaluation and diagnosis of mitochondrial toxicity in muscle and
liver, but these invasive tests are impractical for routine and repeated evaluations. The
recent development of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to accurately
quantify the mtDNA copy numbers per cell in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) may
allow non-invasive assessment of mitochondrial toxicity. This technique has been applied in a
limited fashion to muscle, adipose tissue and liver samples as well.
This pilot study seeks to examine the relationship between fatigue and other clinical
parameters and markers of mitochondrial dysfunction. The goals of this study are threefold:
1) to investigate the relationship between subjective fatigue ratings and mitochondrial
dysfunction through measurements of mtDNA depletion in skeletal muscle 2) to determine
whether there is a relationship between evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in muscle and
evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in lymphocytes or adipose tissue suggesting that
examination of lymphocytes or adipose tissue may be adequate for the accurate diagnosis of
mitochondrial dysfunction and 3) to identify genes and proteins as potential biomarkers for
fatigue and mitochondrial toxicity. For this cross-sectional study, three groups of
participants will be enrolled: HIV positive patients on NRTI-containing and
protease-inhibitor sparing regimens (n=30), HIV patients currently taking no antiretroviral
medications (n=30) and healthy controls (n=15). HIV patients on NRTIs will be stratified
according to their fatigue level (0-3, 4-7 or 8-10). Participants will complete a battery of
questionnaires regarding fatigue and undergo muscle and adipose tissue biopsy.
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