Outcome
Type |
Measure |
Description |
Time frame |
Safety issue |
Primary |
Star Excursion Balance Test |
The star excursion balance test is a test used to evaluate dynamic balance and dynamic postural stability. A small number of material installations are required to perform the star balance test. Four strips of athletic tape will each need to be cut to lengths ranging from 182.88 cm to 243.84 cm. Two pieces will be used to form a "+", the other two will be placed on top to form an "x", creating a star shape. All lines will be separated from each other at a 45° angle. The participant will maintain balance on the one foot while using other foot to reach as far as possible in 8 different directions. The participant will reach with his feet in 8 different directions: anterior, anteromedial, medial, posteromedial, posterior, posterolateral, lateral and anterolateral. |
Beginning of the study, and 6th week and 12th week after beginning the study |
|
Primary |
Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) |
BESS is a reliable and inexpensive tool to measure static balance in people with chronic foot instability. BESS consists of 6 tests that include both leg stance, one leg stance and tandem stance conditions, respectively, on both hard and foam surfaces with eyes closed. A stopwatch is used to determine participants' time during 20-second stance tests. The grading method is based on the score of the error table in the six tests. Errors include lifting the hip, walking, opening the eyes, grasping something, falling, leaving the test position after 5 seconds, flexion or abduction of the upper leg more than 30 degrees, and lifting the heel or front of the leg on the surface. If more than one mistake is made at the same time, they are counted as one mistake. The maximum total number of errors for any test is taken to be 10. |
Beginning of the study, and 6th week and 12th week after beginning the study |
|
Secondary |
Foot and Ankle Ability Measurement (FAAM) |
The foot and ankle ability measure was designed by R. Martin and colleagues in 2005 to detect changes in ankle function over time. It is a self-report questionnaire consisting of two subscales: activities of daily living (ADL) (FAAM, 21 items) and sports (FAAM-S, 8 items). ADL and Sports subscales are scored separately. The response to each item on the ADL subscale is scored from 4 to 0, with 4 meaning "no difficulty" and 0 meaning "cannot do." If the subject answers all 21 items, the highest potential score is 84. The sport subscale is scored in the same way, with 4 meaning 'no difficulty' and 0 meaning 'can't do'. If the subject answers all 8 items, the highest potential score is 32. The Turkish validity and reliability study of the Foot and Ankle Ability Measurement by Çelik et al. has been accepted. |
Beginning of the study, and 6th week and 12th week after beginning the study |
|
Secondary |
Cumberland Ankle Instability Questionnaire |
The CAIT, which includes a 9-item 30-point scale, is an effective tool for assessing the severity of functional instability, monitoring progress, and measuring treatment outcome. Participants with a score of 25 or higher are less likely to have functional instability, while participants with a score of 25 or lower are more likely to have functional instability. The Turkish validity and reliability study of the Cumberland Ankle Instability Questionnaire by Candeniz et al. has been accepted. |
Beginning of the study, and 6th week and 12th week after beginning the study |
|
Secondary |
International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form |
The International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form assesses the number of days and time spent on moderate to vigorous physical activity, walking and sitting, performed for at least 10 minutes in the previous 7 days. The survey consists of 7 open-ended questions. The summary score is expressed in physical activity metabolic equivalent task-minutes (MET-min/week) per day or week. The scores are calculated as follows: Walking MET-min/week = 3.3 X walking minutes X number of walking days; moderate MET-min/week = 4.0 X minutes of moderate activity X number of days of moderate activity; vigorous MET-min/week = 8.0 X minutes of vigorous activity X number of days of vigorous activity. The short form is preferred because it is easy to administer and shows similar reliability and validity results compared to the long form. The validity and reliability study of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire- Short Form Turkish by Saglam et al. has been accepted. |
Beginning of the study, and 6th week and 12th week after beginning the study |
|
Secondary |
Manual Muscle Strength Test with Hand Dynamometer |
A hand dynamometer is used to assess isometric muscle strength. Muscle forces are tested in four directions: dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion and eversion. Participants are placed in the subtalar neutral position for all tests. The untested leg is stabilized with straps to stabilize and prevent any accessory movement. The hand dynamometer is calibrated and placed on the upper part of the metatarsal heads depending on the position of the foot. Participants are instructed to pull or push the device as hard as possible in each direction, and the researcher responds to this force with both hands for 3 seconds per trial. Three consecutive trials are performed with a 10-second rest between trials. Maximum force as the participant's highest force is used for analysis. All manual muscle testing movements and positions were consistent with the procedures outlined by Daniels and Worthingham |
Beginning of the study, and 6th week and 12th week after beginning the study |
|
Secondary |
Single Heel Lift Test |
The test is a modification of the method described by Lunsford and Perry for assessing static ankle balance. Participants stand away from the researcher. They are asked to simply stand on their affected leg, then plantar flex the ankle and elevate on their toes. The test ends when the heel touches the ground. The time the heel touches the ground is recorded. The single heel lift test is the most reliable test reflecting the lack of inversion strength in chronic foot instability. |
Beginning of the study, and 6th week and 12th week after beginning the study |
|
Secondary |
Joint Position Sense Test |
Joint position sense is assessed by passively or actively placing the participant's ankle in three different degrees of inversion. These degrees are increments of 30, 60, and 90 percent of the participant's maximum ankle inversion active range of motion in the position where the ankle is at 42 degrees of plantarflexion. The participant is given three seconds to register the position before the ankle returns to the starting position. In the passive test, the ankle is passively moved into inversion at the same movement speed and the participant is asked to say "stop" when he perceives that the test position has been reached. If the participant feels that they are out of position, the ankle is passively rotated back to correct this. In active testing, the participant performs an active inversion movement aimed at stopping the movement in the test position. The order of the test, three different positions and two different methods, is chosen randomly. |
Beginning of the study, and 6th week and 12th week after beginning the study |
|
Secondary |
Foot Lift Test |
The participant performs a single-leg stance on the affected leg with eyes closed. The participant stands upright with his/her hands on the hips, spine erect, and head facing forward. The test is performed for 30 seconds and the number of foot lifts during each trial is recorded. Foot lift is defined as any part of the foot leaving the ground. Touching the ground with the opposite foot is recorded as an error. Participants are instructed not to take their hands off their hips, not to open their eyes, and not to touch their stance limb with the opposite foot; however, these actions are not recorded as errors. A single test trial is allowed for participants to acclimate before the test trials. The test is performed 3 times with a 30-second rest between trials. The trial with the most errors is used for analysis. |
Beginning of the study, and 6th week and 12th week after beginning the study |
|
Secondary |
Blazepod Reaction Time |
Blazepod reaction time, a new technology, is related to how quickly athletes react to a visual stimulus. The participant stands in the middle of the square shape placed on the ground. A blazepod is placed in each corner of the square. The distance between each blazepod will be equal to the length of the participant's lower extremity. The aim of this test is to reach as much light as possible with the affected foot for 30 seconds, with a one-legged balance activity. Three trials are performed and the best value obtained is recorded. A one-minute rest interval is given between all trials. |
Beginning of the study, and 6th week and 12th week after beginning the study |
|
Secondary |
Side Hop Test |
The side hop test is applied to evaluate the participant's functional performance. The participant performs 10 jumps medially and laterally over a 3 cm line on one foot. Ten jumps are performed as quickly as possible. The time to perform the test is measured using a handheld stopwatch. The test is performed twice on the affected limb, with a 60-second rest between trials. The shortest trial is used for analysis. |
Beginning of the study, and 6th week and 12th week after beginning the study |
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