Outcome
Type |
Measure |
Description |
Time frame |
Safety issue |
Primary |
Effect of xylitol on energy intake during a subsequent ad libitum test meal |
Fifteen minutes after the administration of the pre-loads (t = 0 minutes), a standard solid test meal will be presented and ad libitum energy intake will be measured. |
Total energy intake will be measured from t = 0 until t = 20 minutes or as soon as the as the subject stops eating for more than 5 minutes. |
|
Secondary |
Effects on GI hormone response - GLP-1 |
GLP-1 will be quantified using a non-radioactive highly sensitive sandwich ELISA (MSD V-PLEX - #K1503PD) in the presence of a chemiluminescent substrate. |
Blood will be drawn at the following time points :t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load). |
|
Secondary |
Effects on GI hormone response - PYY |
PYY-3-36 will be quantified using a non-radioactive high sensitive sandwich ELISA (Millipore - # EZHPYYT66K). |
Blood will be drawn at the following time points :t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load). |
|
Secondary |
Effects on GI hormone response - CCK |
Plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) levels will be measured with a sensitive radioimmunoassay using a highly specific antiserum (No. 92128) |
Blood will be drawn at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load). |
|
Secondary |
Effects on GI hormone response - ghrelin |
Octanoylated ghrelin will be measured by a radioimmunoassay with 125I [Tyr24] human ghrelin [1-23] as tracer and a rabbit antibody against human ghrelin [1-8] (final dilution 1/100000), which does not cross-react with desoctanoylated ghrelin. |
Blood will be drawn at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load). |
|
Secondary |
Effects on glycemic control - plasma glucose |
Glucose will be measured by a glucose oxidase method (Rothen Medizinische Laboratorien AG, Basel, Switzerland). |
Blood will be drawn at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load). |
|
Secondary |
Effects on glycemic control - plasma insulin |
Insulin will be quantified using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (chemiflex) reagent kit (#8k41; Abbott) and the relative light units detected by the ARCHITECT optical system (model: CI4100; Abbott). |
Blood will be drawn at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load). |
|
Secondary |
Effects on glycemic control - plasma c-peptide |
C-peptide will be measured with a commercially available sandwich ELISA kit from Millipore (Millipore - # EZHCP-20K). |
Blood will be drawn at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load). |
|
Secondary |
Effects on glycemic control - plasma glucagon |
Glucagon concentrations in plasma will be measured after extraction of plasma with 70% ethanol (vol/vol, final concentration). The antibody is directed against the C-terminus of the glucagon molecule (antibody code no. 4305) and therefore mainly measures glucagon of pancreatic origin. |
Blood will be drawn at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load). |
|
Secondary |
Effects on appetite-related sensations |
Appetite perceptions (feelings of: a) hunger, b) satiety) are assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS). Visual analogue scales consist of a horizontal, unstructured, 10-cm line representing the minimum (0.0 points) to the maximum rating (10.0 points). Subjects assign a vertical mark across the line to indicate the magnitude of their subjective sensation at the present time point. The measurement is quantified by the distance from the left end of the line (minimum rating) to the subject's vertical mark. |
Visual analogue scales will be recorded at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-loads), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-loads). |
|
Secondary |
Effects on GI tolerance |
GI symptoms will be assessed by use of a checklist including the following questions: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, borborygmic, abdominal distension, eructation and increased flatus. |
GI tolerance will be recorded at t = -16, -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load). |
|
Secondary |
Sweetness of pre-load |
Sweetness is assessed by gLMS. General Labeled Magnitude Scales consist of an unequal, vertical line, which is marked with quasi-logarithmic verbal anchors describing different intensities (e.g. "strongest imaginable", "barely detectable"). Participants are instructed to place a mark on the line where their perceived intensity of sensation lies. |
Sweetness of the pre-load will be recorded at t = -10 minutes. |
|
Secondary |
Liking ot the pre-load |
Liking is assessed by gLMS. General Labeled Magnitude Scales consist of an unequal, vertical line, which is marked with quasi-logarithmic verbal anchors describing different intensities (e.g. "strongest imaginable", "barely detectable"). Participants are instructed to place a mark on the line where their perceived intensity of sensation lies. |
Liking of the pre-load will be recorded at t = -10 minutes. |
|
Secondary |
Liking of the test meal |
Liking is assessed by gLMS. General Labeled Magnitude Scales consist of an unequal, vertical line, which is marked with quasi-logarithmic verbal anchors describing different intensities (e.g. "strongest imaginable", "barely detectable"). Participants are instructed to place a mark on the line where their perceived intensity of sensation lies. |
Liking of the test meal will be recorded at t = 180 minutes. |
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