Cardiovascular Diseases Clinical Trial
To elucidate dietary factors that elevate risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in conjunction with insulin resistance.
BACKGROUND:
Clinical studies indicate that high carbohydrate intake may exacerbate the dyslipidemia
often seen with insulin resistance. Consequently, there is much debate as to the optimal
dietary pattern for individuals with NIDDM to minimize risk for microvascular disease. Data
on this topic from free-living populations are scarce. In addition, associations of dietary
antioxidants with CVD risk have not been evaluated in large community samples of persons
with diabetes.
DESIGN NARRATIVE:
Potential dietary determinants of hyperinsulinemia or of insulin resistance were evaluated,
including high intake of dietary fats and of simple sugars and low alcohol consumption. As a
major focus, dietary factors that may contribute to elevated CVD risk among persons with
existing insulin resistance, including impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) were examined. Five datasets from
epidemiologic studies were available to evaluate specific hypotheses for men and women of
Black, Hispanic and non-Hispanic white ethnicity. The unique contributions of each dataset
were as follows. The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study and the San Antonio Heart Study enabled
prospective analyses for large numbers of subjects with IGT or NIDDM; the Mexico City Study
provided a sample with contrasting dietary patterns in a non-white population; the Kaiser
Permanente Women Twins Study allowed for the removal of genetic influences by evaluating
associations within monozygotic twin pairs; and the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study
(IRAS) provided direct measurement of insulin sensitivity and subclinical atherosclerosis
across the spectrum of glucose tolerance in three ethnic groups.
An understanding of the accuracy of the dietary assessment instruments used in the three
ethnic groups was critical to the interpretation of the findings related to diet and CVD
risk variables. Therefore, a second component of research was also conducted, that being an
evaluation of the comparative validity of the food frequency interview used in the multi-
cultural IRAS population using a series of 24-hour dietary recalls as the standard.
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