Pre-eclampsia Clinical Trial
Official title:
Evaluating the Effects of Clinical Decision Making Support Systems on Maternal and Neonatal Mortality and Morbidity in Ghana: a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Introduction Maternal and neonatal mortality continue to be to be prominent public health
issues in sub Saharan Africa including Ghana, with slow progress made towards attainment of
Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 4 & 5. Studies have identified poor quality of maternal
and child healthcare as a major challenge to the prevention of neonatal and maternal deaths.
Effective interventions are required to make significant inroads in these areas.
Objective To evaluate the effect of a SMS text messaging intervention to support clinical
decision making by frontline health care professionals on neonatal and maternal mortality.
Methods We propose to conduct a randomized controlled trial in the Eastern region of Ghana,
involving 8 intervention and 8 control districts. The intervention consists of text messaging
of standard protocols for maternal and neonatal care to front line health care providers in
the region. A total of 17,040 pregnant women who are receiving care (including antenatal,
delivery and post-natal) at any of the hospitals in the selected districts in the region will
be monitored through monthly aggregate data on outcome measures such as neonatal and maternal
deaths from eclampsia, postpartum haemorrhage, puerperal sepsis, birth asphyxia, low birth
weight and neonatal sepsis. Cord sepsis will also be included as neonatal sepsis for this
study. Also, a quality of care assessment in four sampled districts to measure adherence to
the safe motherhood protocol will be conducted. Stata software package.55 and MLwiN software
version 2.2456 will be employed in data analysis. Descriptive analysis will be carried out to
explore baseline characteristics of study groups while logistic regression will be applied to
evaluate the effect of the intervention. A two-tailed statistical significant level of 0.05
will be used.
Expected outcome We hypothesize that the intervention will improve both maternal and neonatal
service delivery and health outcomes in the intervention areas.
Rationale of Study Based on the preponderance of evidence provided so far, Ghana is not on
track for MDG 4 & 5.31 Despite increased antenatal care attendance in the health
facilities,and the number of pregnancy delivered by skilled health care workers,neonatal and
maternal mortality have not seen the needed decline.
Maternal deaths and neonatal deaths are caused by a complex interaction of economic,
financial, social, cultural and clinical factors. Clinical factors are related to access to
and quality of antenatal care, skilled attendance at delivery and emergency obstetric care.
With over 90% of pregnant women receiving antenatal care from a health professional,it is
believed that if adequate care is offered to these women, birth outcomes will be improved.
Gaps identified in the quality of care given to pregnant women include poor quality of
clinical decision guiding provider decisions on management choices.
Considering this we propose an evidence-based intervention facilitating easy access to
maternal and neonatal guidelines for routine and emergency obstetric and antenatal/neonatal
care for frontline providers, in public facilities. For the purpose of this intervention, we
have chosen as a reference guideline the national Safe Motherhood protocol,an elaborate tool,
that provides detailed state-of-the-art guidelines for maternal and newborn care, starting
from prenatal care, through antenatal, delivery, postpartum, and newborn care. We chose text
messaging based on the Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) system as a low-cost,
easily-accessible and instant way of requesting needed information in standard and emergency
situations by the health care provider to enhance clinical decision making.
Objectives Primary objective
- To assess the quantitative effect of USSD-based text messaging of standard protocols for
maternal and neonatal care on the incidence of neonatal mortality Secondary objectives
- To assess the quantitative effect of USSD-based text messaging of standard protocols for
maternal and neonatal care on the incidence of maternal mortality
- To assess the quantitative effect of USSD-based text messaging of standard protocols for
maternal and neonatal care on the incidence of neonatal morbidity
- To assess the quantitative effect of USSD-based text messaging of standard protocols for
maternal and neonatal care on the incidence of maternal morbidity
- To assess adherence of health care providers to clinical guidelines for maternal
antenatal care
Study design A cluster randomized controlled trial49 design will be used to examine the
effect of CDMSS in the form of USSD-based text messaging of standard protocols for the
management of maternal and neonatal care to providers, on neonatal and maternal mortality in
the Eastern region, Ghana. This research is planned to commence in January 2015 and end in
June 2016. Each of the districts in the region will be the cluster unit of randomization.
This design was adopted in order to avoid contamination both at the patient and health
professional levels, which may occur as a result of social interaction.
After randomization, a baseline study will be conducted in the districts and facilities to
collect data on district and facility characteristics, while baseline measures of the chosen
outcomes will be obtained from the District Health Information Management System - 2 (DHIMS -
2) which has been shown to provide accurate estimates of neonatal health indicators.50 This
will take place from November to December 2014. The baseline study will be followed by the
intervention study that will run for a period of 18 months. During this period monthly
monitoring, including data collection of the outcome measures will be carried out by the
study team. In addition, a quality of care study, done by assessment of provider adherence to
the guidelines sent through the SMS text messaging will be conducted in 2 selected districts
each from the intervention and control districts, through a record review of a random sample
of clients seen during the period. The process of implementation of the intervention will be
documented. At the end of the intervention period, a post intervention evaluation will be
carried out at the district and facility level.
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