Cryoanalgesia and Post-thoracotomy Pain in Minimally Invasive Cardiothoracic Surgery

Post Operative Pain Clinical Trial

Official title:

Cryoanalgesia and Post-thoracotomy Pain in Minimally Invasive Cardiothoracic Surgery

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Not yet recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT05255146
• Other study ID #: Pro00113974
• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: September 2024
• Est. completion date: May 2026

Study information

• Verified date: April 2024
• Source: University of Alberta
• Contact: Jeevan Nagendran, MD, PhD
• Phone: (780) 492-7605
• Email: jeevan[@]ualberta.ca
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Minimally invasive cardiothoracic surgery is often associated with chronic pain syndrome, out of keeping with the extent of surgical dissection. This is thought to be because of damage to the intercostal nerves by compression and traction by the surgical equipment. Cryoanalgesia is long-standing technique that freezes nerves locally to temporarily block pain sensation, which is currently used to treat acute post-operative pain in lung dissections and the Nuss procedure. We intend to perform a trial to assess whether using cryoanalgesia on intercostal nerves intraoperatively, reduces post-operative pain following minimally invasive cardiothoracic surgery.

Description:

Objective:

To characterize the effects of peri-operative intercostal cryoablation for the prevention of post thoracotomy pain following minimally invasive mitral valve surgery or atrial septal defect repair.

Rationale:

Minimally invasive cardiothoracic surgery is often associated with prolonged post-operative neuropathic pain not consistent with the acute pain experience of the initial surgery [1]. This is often thought to be secondary to an intercostal neuralgia caused by traction injuries to the intercostal neurovascular bundles by the surgical ports, a mini-thoracotomy, and mechanical retraction of the ribs.

Cryoanalgesia is an older but clinically relevant technique that causes local destruction of nerve axons using a nitrous oxide-cooled probe to -60°C [2]. This allows for temporary acute pain relief without damaging the endoneurium, allowing the peripheral nerves to regrow post-operatively. Previous studies have demonstrated cryoanalgesia as having improved acute post-operative pain vs opioids alone or similar acute pain management vs epidural analgesia [3,4]. A few studies have assessed Cryoanalgesia in thoracic surgery patients; however, these studies have focused primarily on lung operations involving pulmonary resections, and did not include cardiac operations [5,6]. Furthermore, studies that evaluated cardiothoracic operations specifically, were either retrospective or prospective in approach and did not include a representative variety of cardiac operations [7-9]. Therefore, we hope that by using intercostal cryoablation in minimally invasive cardiac surgery patients, we might improve post-operative pain and reduce analgesic requirements.

Sample Size and Statistical Considerations:

Analyses will be conducted on an intention-to-treat basis. Relative and absolute risk will be calculated with respect to the primary and secondary outcomes. We calculate a sample size of 50 patients per group in order to detect a reduction in incidence of post-thoracotomy pain from 50% to 20% (α=0.05, power=0.8). This includes an anticipated rate of non-completion of 15%.

Expected Results:

Based on our hypotheses and previous human RCT's, we expect intercostal cryoablation to improve post-thoracotomy pain when compared to controls. Furthermore, we expect an improvement in our secondary outcomes including sleep quality and analgesic requirements. Cryoanalgesia's efficacy in acute post-operative pain management is well documented in the neuropathic pain literature and has been used in a number of clinical trials. We hope that applying this concept to minimally invasive cardiothoracic procedures, we can see similar results in improved post-thoracotomy pain as reported by previous studies. We believe that, if successful, this project will offer an alternative and improved pain management regimen for patients undergoing minimally invasive thoracic surgery.

Significance:

The study proposed aims to provide new insight into the management of neuropathic pain associated with minimally invasive thoracic surgery. Pain -whether acute, chronic, nociceptive, or neuropathic- creates a significant burden to the patient, as well as to those around them. Our ultimate aim is to limit the overall pain experienced by patients. In doing this, we hope to influence a multitude of factors that affect patient welfare, including mood, patient safety, return to independence, return to work, etc. Many of these factors are often much more subjective and difficult to capture within the analytical framework of a clinical trial. However, it is our hope that by reducing pain, itself, we can continue to improve patient satisfaction and consequently, patient well-being.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Enrollment: 100
• Est. completion date: May 2026
• Est. primary completion date: May 2026
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years and older

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adult patients aged 18 years or older scheduled for elective minimally invasive mitral valve surgery or atrial septal defect repair.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients will be excluded if they are unable to fill in detailed health and pain related questionnaires, psychiatric disease preventing recall or accurate descriptions of pain, chronic pain syndromes, alcohol or illegal substance abuse, or pregnancy. Exclusion criteria also includes chronic use of opioids, allergy to morphine, bupivacaine, and/or ibuprofen, average pain during the last week >4 on a numerical rating scale from 0 to 10 with 0 indicating "no pain" and 10 indicating "the worst pain imaginable", contraindications to thoracic epidurals, prior chest surgery, or participation in another clinical trial.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Cryotherapy Effect
• Pain, Postoperative
• Post Operative Pain

Intervention

Device:
• Atricure Inc. Nitrous oxide Cryoprobe
Cryoanalgesia will be given by applying a nitrous oxide-cooled probe (AtriCure, Inc. 2000) locally to intercostal nerves in the 4th, 5th, and 6th rib spaces after completion of the surgical repair and before surgical closure. The probe will be cooled to -60°C and held on each location for 60 sec.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
n/a

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
University of Alberta

References & Publications (11)

Brichon PY, Pison C, Chaffanjon P, Fayot P, Buchberger M, Neron L, Bocca A, Verdier J, Sarrazin R. Comparison of epidural analgesia and cryoanalgesia in thoracic surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1994;8(9):482-6. doi: 10.1016/1010-7940(94)90019-1. — View Citation

Bucerius J, Metz S, Walther T, Doll N, Falk V, Diegeler A, Autschbach R, Mohr FW. Pain is significantly reduced by cryoablation therapy in patients with lateral minithoracotomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000 Sep;70(3):1100-4. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(00)01766-5. — View Citation

Cleeland CS, Ryan KM. Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory. Ann Acad Med Singap. 1994 Mar;23(2):129-38. — View Citation

Clemence J Jr, Malik A, Farhat L, Wu X, Kim KM, Patel H, Yang B. Cryoablation of Intercostal Nerves Decreased Narcotic Usage After Thoracic or Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020 Autumn;32(3):404-412. doi: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2020.01.008. Epub 2020 Jan 20. — View Citation

Guastella V, Mick G, Soriano C, Vallet L, Escande G, Dubray C, Eschalier A. A prospective study of neuropathic pain induced by thoracotomy: incidence, clinical description, and diagnosis. Pain. 2011 Jan;152(1):74-81. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.004. Epub 2010 Nov 13. — View Citation

Ju H, Feng Y, Yang BX, Wang J. Comparison of epidural analgesia and intercostal nerve cryoanalgesia for post-thoracotomy pain control. Eur J Pain. 2008 Apr;12(3):378-84. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.07.011. Epub 2007 Sep 17. — View Citation

Melzack R. The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pain. 1987 Aug;30(2):191-197. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(87)91074-8. — View Citation

Muller LC, Salzer GM, Ransmayr G, Neiss A. Intraoperative cryoanalgesia for postthoracotomy pain relief. Ann Thorac Surg. 1989 Jul;48(1):15-8. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(89)90169-0. — View Citation

Park R, Coomber M, Gilron I, Shanthanna H. Cryoanalgesia for postsurgical pain relief in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2021 Aug 5;69:102689. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102689. eCollection 2021 Sep. — View Citation

Sepsas E, Misthos P, Anagnostopulu M, Toparlaki O, Voyagis G, Kakaris S. The role of intercostal cryoanalgesia in post-thoracotomy analgesia. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2013 Jun;16(6):814-8. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivs516. Epub 2013 Feb 19. — View Citation

Tanaka A, Al-Rstum Z, Leonard SD, Gardiner BD, Yazij I, Sandhu HK, Miller CC 3rd, Safi HJ, Estrera AL. Intraoperative Intercostal Nerve Cryoanalgesia Improves Pain Control After Descending and Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repairs. Ann Thorac Surg. 2020 Jan;109(1):249-254. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.07.083. Epub 2019 Sep 12. — View Citation

* Note: There are 11 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Post-operative Pain Day 1	The incidence of significant post-thoracotomy pain will be assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory, asked in-person by one of the researchers.	1 day post-op
Primary	Post-operative Pain Day 3	The incidence of significant post-thoracotomy pain will be assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory, asked in-person by one of the researchers.	3 days post-op
Primary	Post-operative Pain Day 5	The incidence of significant post-thoracotomy pain will be assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory, asked in-person by one of the researchers.	5 days post-op
Primary	Long-term Post-operative Pain	The incidence of significant post-thoracotomy pain will be assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory by asking the participants via phone call.	6 weeks post-op
Secondary	Sleep Quality	Average sleep quality will be assessed by asking participants to rate their sleep over the first post-operative that they spent in-hospital. This will be scored numerically from 0 to 10, with 0 indicating extremely poor sleep quality and 10 indicating extremely good sleep quality.	1 week post-op
Secondary	Consumptions of Analgesics Day 1	Average daily consumption of analgesics, adjusted to morphine equivalents, will be collected from patient chart information while they are admitted.	1 day post-op
Secondary	Consumptions of Analgesics Day 3	Average daily consumption of analgesics, adjusted to morphine equivalents, will be collected from patient chart information while they are admitted.	3 days post-op
Secondary	Consumptions of Analgesics Day 5	Average daily consumption of analgesics, adjusted to morphine equivalents, will be collected from patient chart information while they are admitted.	5 Days post-op
Secondary	Long-term Consumptions of Analgesics	Average daily consumption of analgesics, adjusted to morphine equivalents, over the 7 days prior to assessment.	6 weeks post-op
Secondary	Length of Hospital Stay	Hospital length of stay, measured in days, will be determined by their discharge date post-operatively and their date of admission.	approximately 2 weeks post-op