The ELiSA Study - Evaluation of Lixivaptan in Subjects With Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Clinical Trial

Official title:

A Phase 2, Open-Label, Multi-Center Study to Evaluate the Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lixivaptan in Subjects With Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT03487913
• Other study ID #: PA-102
• Status: Completed
• Phase: Phase 2
• Start date: September 14, 2018
• Est. completion date: February 11, 2020

Study information

• Verified date: November 2022
• Source: Palladio Biosciences
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

This is a Phase 2, open-label, parallel-group, multiple dose study designed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of multiple doses of lixivaptan in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in stages CKD1, CKD2 or CKD3.

Description:

Therapeutic interventions aimed at counterbalancing the effect of vasopressin and/or normalizing intracellular levels of cAMP may be effective in delaying disease progression in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The primary objectives of this study in subjects with ADPKD are: - To characterize the safety and tolerability of lixivaptan following multiple doses in ADPKD subjects with relatively preserved kidney function (chronic kidney disease CKD1 and CKD2) and moderately impaired renal function (CKD3). The secondary objectives of this study are: - To characterize the PK profile of lixivaptan and its major metabolites following multiple doses of lixivaptan in ADPKD subjects with relatively preserved kidney function (CKD1 and CKD2) and moderately impaired renal function (CKD3). - To characterize the pharmacodynamic effect of lixivaptan on urine output, urine osmolality, total kidney volume, serum vasopressin, and serum creatinine following multiple doses of lixivaptan in ADPKD subjects with relatively preserved kidney function (CKD1 and CKD2) and moderately impaired renal function (CKD3).

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 31
• Est. completion date: February 11, 2020
• Est. primary completion date: December 2, 2019
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years to 65 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Male or female, between 18 and 65 years of age at the time of screening
• Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) = 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 with eGFR calculated by the CKD EPI equation
• Diagnosed with ADPKD by modified Ravine criteria
• Considered by Investigator to be in good health relative to underlying CKD status and clinically stable with respect to underlying CKD

Exclusion Criteria:

• Known sensitivity or idiosyncratic reaction to lixivaptan, its related compounds such as benzazepines (e.g., tolvaptan, conivaptan, benazepril, fenoldopam, or mirtazapine), or any compound listed as being present in the study formulation
• Women who are pregnant or breast feeding
• Subjects have taken tolvaptan, oral or intravenous antibiotics, or any investigational drug or used an investigational device within 30 days or 5 half-lives, whichever is longer, prior to first study dose
• Subject has a transplanted kidney, or absence of a kidney
• Subjects with clinically significant incontinence, overactive bladder, or urinary retention (e.g., benign prostatic hyperplasia)
• Subjects with clinically significant liver disease, or clinically significant liver function abnormalities or serology other than that expected for ADPKD with cystic liver disease at baseline
• Subjects with any clinically significant concomitant disease or condition other than ADPKD (including treatment for such conditions) that, in the opinion of the Investigator, could either interfere with the study drug or pose an unacceptable risk to the subject

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Arthrogryposis
• Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
• Kidney Diseases
• Polycystic Kidney Diseases
• Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant

Intervention

Drug:
• Lixivaptan
Oral vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	Palladio Biosciences Clinical Site	Baltimore	Maryland
United States	Palladio Biosciences Clinical Site	Indiana	Pennsylvania
United States	Palladio Biosciences Clinical Site	Jacksonville	Florida
United States	Palladio Biosciences Clinical Site	Kansas City	Missouri
United States	Palladio Biosciences Clinical Site	Laurelton	New York
United States	Palladio Biosciences Clinical Site	Los Angeles	California
United States	Palladio Biosciences Clinical Site	Miami	Florida
United States	Palladio Biosciences Clinical Site	Miami	Florida
United States	Palladio Biosciences Clinical Site	Nashville	Tennessee
United States	Palladio Biosciences Clinical Site	Palmetto Bay	Florida
United States	Palladio Biosciences Clinical Site	Rochester	Minnesota
United States	Palladio Biosciences Clinical Site	Salt Lake City	Utah
United States	Palladio Biosciences Clinical Site	Tampa	Florida

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Palladio Biosciences

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (1)

Shusterman NH, Hogan LC, Pellegrini L: Effect of lixivaptan on pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) end points in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in the ELiSA Study (PA-102) [Abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol 30, 2019

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Other	Volume of Distribution Over 24 Hours After Extravascular Dosing (VZ/F24H) of Lixivaptan in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter VZ/F24H for lixivaptan, calculated as CL/F24H divided by Day 7 PM ?Z, will be summarized by cohort. VZ/F24H was not specified in the statistical analysis plan and was calculated for the combined 24-hour period including AM and PM dosing intervals on Day 7. This parameter replaces VZ/F initially planned for the Day 7 AM dose.	Day 7 (am)
Primary	Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Lixivaptan in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter Cmax, the highest concentration of lixivaptan measured in plasma after multiple doses of drug, will be calculated from the observed concentration of lixivaptan and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am and pm) and Day 7 (am and pm)
Primary	Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of WAY-141624 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter Cmax, the highest concentration of WAY-141624 measured in plasma after multiple doses of drug, will be calculated from the observed concentration of WAY-141624 and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am and pm) and Day 7 (am and pm)
Primary	Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of WAY-138451 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter Cmax, the highest concentration of WAY-138451 measured in plasma after multiple doses of drug, will be calculated from the observed concentration of WAY-138451 and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am and pm) and Day 7 (am and pm)
Primary	Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of WAY-138758 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter Cmax, the highest concentration of WAY-138758 measured in plasma after multiple doses of drug, will be calculated from the observed concentration of WAY-138758 and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am and pm) and Day 7 (am and pm)
Primary	Time to Reach Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) of Lixivaptan in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter tmax, the time taken to reach the highest concentration of lixivaptan in plasma after multiple doses of drug, will be calculated from the observed concentration of lixivaptan and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am and pm) and Day 7 (am and pm)
Primary	Time to Reach Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) of WAY-141624 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter tmax, the time taken to reach the highest concentration of WAY-141624 in plasma after multiple doses of drug, will be calculated from the observed concentration of WAY-141624 and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am and pm) and Day 7 (am and pm)
Primary	Time to Reach Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) of WAY-138451 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter tmax, the time taken to reach the highest concentration of WAY-138451 in plasma after multiple doses of drug, will be calculated from the observed concentration of WAY-138451 and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am and pm) and Day 7 (am and pm)
Primary	Time to Reach Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax) of WAY-138758 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter tmax, the time taken to reach the highest concentration of WAY-138758 in plasma after multiple doses of drug, will be calculated from the observed concentration of WAY-138758 and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am and pm) and Day 7 (am and pm)
Primary	Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 Until the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC[0-last]) of Lixivaptan in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter AUC(0-last) for lixivaptan will be calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule for increasing values and the log trapezoidal rule for decreasing values, summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am and pm) and Day 7 (am and pm)
Primary	Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 Until the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC[0-last]) of WAY-141624 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter AUC(0-last) for WAY-141624 will be calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule for increasing values and the log trapezoidal rule for decreasing values and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am and pm) and Day 7 (am and pm)
Primary	Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 Until the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC[0-last]) of WAY-138451 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter AUC(0-last) for WAY-138451 will be calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule for increasing values and the log trapezoidal rule for decreasing values and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am and pm) and Day 7 (am and pm)
Primary	Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 Until the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC[0-last]) of WAY-138758 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter AUC(0-last) for WAY-138758 will be calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule for increasing values and the log trapezoidal rule for decreasing values and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am and pm) and Day 7 (am and pm)
Primary	Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC[0-inf]) of Lixivaptan in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter AUC(0-inf) for lixivaptan will be calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule for increasing values, the log trapezoidal rule for decreasing values, and extrapolated to infinity by addition of the last quantifiable observed concentration divided by the elimination rate constant and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am)
Primary	Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC[0-inf]) of WAY-141624 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter AUC(0-inf) for WAY-141624 will be calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule for increasing values, the log trapezoidal rule for decreasing values, and extrapolated to infinity by addition of the last quantifiable observed concentration divided by the elimination rate constant and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am)
Primary	Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC[0-inf]) of WAY-138451 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter AUC(0-inf) for WAY-138451 will be calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule for increasing values, the log trapezoidal rule for decreasing values, and extrapolated to infinity by addition of the last quantifiable observed concentration divided by the elimination rate constant and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am)
Primary	Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 Extrapolated to Infinity (AUC[0-inf]) of WAY-138758 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter AUC(0-inf) for WAY-138758 will be calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule for increasing values, the log trapezoidal rule for decreasing values, and extrapolated to infinity by addition of the last quantifiable observed concentration divided by the elimination rate constant and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am)
Primary	Terminal Elimination Phase Half-life (t1/2) of Lixivaptan in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter t1/2 for lixivaptan, determined as ln2/apparent terminal elimination rate constant, will be calculated and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am) and Day 7 (pm)
Primary	Terminal Elimination Phase Half-life (t1/2) of WAY-141624 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter t1/2 for WAY-141624, determined as ln2/apparent terminal elimination rate constant, will be calculated and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am) and Day 7 (pm)
Primary	Terminal Elimination Phase Half-life (t1/2) of WAY-138451 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter t1/2 for WAY-138451, determined as ln2/apparent terminal elimination rate constant, will be calculated and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am) and Day 7 (pm)
Primary	Terminal Elimination Phase Half-life (t1/2) of WAY-138758 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter t1/2 for WAY-138758, determined as ln2/apparent terminal elimination rate constant, will be calculated and summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am) and Day 7 (pm)
Primary	Apparent Terminal Elimination Rate Constant (?Z) of Lixivaptan in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter ?Z for lixivaptan will be determined by linear regression of the terminal points of the log-linear concentration-time curve. The Best Fit method utilized by WinNonlin will be used to identify the terminal linear phase of the concentration-time profile, with visual assessment and adjustment of the selected data points by the PK scientist if warranted. A minimum of 3 data points will be used for determination. Results will be summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am) and Day 7 (pm)
Primary	Apparent Terminal Elimination Rate Constant (?Z) of WAY-141624 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter ?Z for WAY-141624 will be determined by linear regression of the terminal points of the log-linear concentration-time curve. The Best Fit method utilized by WinNonlin will be used to identify the terminal linear phase of the concentration-time profile, with visual assessment and adjustment of the selected data points by the PK scientist if warranted. A minimum of 3 data points will be used for determination. Results will be summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am) and Day 7 (pm)
Primary	Apparent Terminal Elimination Rate Constant (?Z) of WAY-138451 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter ?Z for WAY-138451 will be determined by linear regression of the terminal points of the log-linear concentration-time curve. The Best Fit method utilized by WinNonlin will be used to identify the terminal linear phase of the concentration-time profile, with visual assessment and adjustment of the selected data points by the PK scientist if warranted. A minimum of 3 data points will be used for determination. Results will be summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am) and Day 7 (pm)
Primary	Apparent Terminal Elimination Rate Constant (?Z) of WAY-138758 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter ?Z for WAY-138758 will be determined by linear regression of the terminal points of the log-linear concentration-time curve. The Best Fit method utilized by WinNonlin will be used to identify the terminal linear phase of the concentration-time profile, with visual assessment and adjustment of the selected data points by the PK scientist if warranted. A minimum of 3 data points will be used for determination. Results will be summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am) and Day 7 (pm)
Primary	Apparent Systemic Clearance After Extravascular Dosing (CL/F) of Lixivaptan in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter CL/F for lixivaptan, calculated as: Day 1 AM: dose divided by AUC(0-inf), or Day 7 AM: dose divided by AUC(0-last), will be summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am) and Day 7 (am)
Primary	Volume of Distribution After Extravascular Dosing (VZ/F) of Lixivaptan in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter VZ/F for lixivaptan, calculated as CL/F divided by ?Z, will be summarized by cohort.	Day 1 (am) and Day 7 (am)
Primary	Accumulation Ratio for Cmax (RCmax) of Lixivaptan in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter RCmax for lixivaptan, calculated as [Cmax on Day 7]/[Cmax on Day 1], will be summarized by cohort.	Day 7 (am)
Primary	Accumulation Ratio for AUC(0-last) (RAUC[0-last]) of Lixivaptan in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter RAUC(0-last) for lixivaptan, calculated as [AUC(0-last) on Day 7]/[AUC(0-last) on Day 1], will be summarized by cohort.	Day 7 (am)
Primary	Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 Until 14 Hours Postdose (AUC[0-14]) of Lixivaptan in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter AUC(0-14) for lixivaptan will be calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule for increasing values and the log trapezoidal rule for decreasing values. The actual elapsed time for the nominal 14-hour sample will be used for the calculation. Results will be summarized by cohort.	Day 7 (pm)
Primary	Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 Until 14 Hours Postdose (AUC[0-14]) of WAY-141624 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter AUC(0-14) for WAY-141624 will be calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule for increasing values and the log trapezoidal rule for decreasing values. The actual elapsed time for the nominal 14-hour sample will be used for the calculation. Results will be summarized by cohort.	Day 7 (pm)
Primary	Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 Until 14 Hours Postdose (AUC[0-14]) of WAY-138451 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter AUC(0-14) for WAY-138451 will be calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule for increasing values and the log trapezoidal rule for decreasing values. The actual elapsed time for the nominal 14-hour sample will be used for the calculation. Results will be summarized by cohort.	Day 7 (pm)
Primary	Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 Until 14 Hours Postdose (AUC[0-14]) of WAY-138758 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter AUC(0-14) for WAY-138758 will be calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule for increasing values and the log trapezoidal rule for decreasing values. The actual elapsed time for the nominal 14-hour sample will be used for the calculation. Results will be summarized by cohort.	Day 7 (pm)
Primary	Ratio of WAY-141624 Cmax to Parent Lixivaptan Cmax (MRCmax) in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter MRCmax for WAY-141624 will be calculated and corrected for molecular weight of WAY-141624 and parent lixivaptan as: (Cmax,m/Cmax,p)(MWp/MWm), where Cmax,m and MWm are Cmax and molecular weight of WAY-141624, respectively, and Cmax,p and MWp are Cmax and molecular weight of parent lixivaptan, respectively. The following molecular weights are to be used in all MRCmax calculations: lixivaptan: 473.93 g/mol; WAY-141624: 505.95 g/mol; Results will be summarized by cohort.	Day 7 (pm)
Primary	Ratio of WAY-138451 Cmax to Parent Lixivaptan Cmax (MRCmax) in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter MRCmax for WAY-138451 will be calculated and corrected for molecular weight of WAY-138451 and parent lixivaptan as: (Cmax,m/Cmax,p)(MWp/MWm), where Cmax,m and MWm are Cmax and molecular weight of WAY-138451, respectively, and Cmax,p and MWp are Cmax and molecular weight of parent lixivaptan, respectively. The following molecular weights are to be used in all MRCmax calculations: lixivaptan: 473.93 g/mol; WAY-138451: 488.92 g/mol; Results will be summarized by cohort.	Day 7 (pm)
Primary	Ratio of WAY-138758 Cmax to Parent Lixivaptan Cmax (MRCmax) in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter MRCmax for WAY-138758 will be calculated and corrected for molecular weight of WAY-138758 and parent lixivaptan as: (Cmax,m/Cmax,p)(MWp/MWm), where Cmax,m and MWm are Cmax and molecular weight of WAY-138758, respectively, and Cmax,p and MWp are Cmax and molecular weight of parent lixivaptan, respectively. The following molecular weights are to be used in all MRCmax calculations: lixivaptan: 473.93 g/mol; WAY-138758: 426.82 g/mol; Results will be summarized by cohort.	Day 7 (pm)
Primary	Ratio of Metabolite AUC(0-14) to Parent Lixivaptan AUC(0-14) (MRAUC[0-14]) of WAY-141624 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter MRAUC(0-14) for WAY-141624 will be calculated and corrected for molecular weight of WAY-141624 and parent lixivaptan as: (AUC(0-14),m/AUC(0-14),p)(MWp/MWm), where AUC(0-14),m and MWm are AUC(0-14) and molecular weight of WAY-141624, respectively, and AUC(0-14),p and MWp are AUC(0-14) and molecular weight of parent lixivaptan, respectively. The following molecular weights are to be used in all MRAUC(0-14) calculations: lixivaptan: 473.93 g/mol; WAY-141624: 505.95 g/mol; Results will be summarized by cohort.	Day 7 (pm)
Primary	Ratio of Metabolite AUC(0-14) to Parent Lixivaptan AUC(0-14) (MRAUC[0-14]) of WAY-138451 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter MRAUC(0-14) for WAY-138451 will be calculated and corrected for molecular weight of WAY-138451 and parent lixivaptan as: (AUC(0-14),m/AUC(0-14),p)(MWp/MWm), where AUC(0-14),m and MWm are AUC(0-14) and molecular weight of WAY-138451, respectively, and AUC(0-14),p and MWp are AUC(0-14) and molecular weight of parent lixivaptan, respectively. The following molecular weights are to be used in all MRAUC(0-14) calculations: lixivaptan: 473.93 g/mol; WAY-138451: 488.92 g/mol; Results will be summarized by cohort.	Day 7 (pm)
Primary	Ratio of Metabolite AUC(0-14) to Parent Lixivaptan AUC(0-14) (MRAUC[0-14]) of WAY-138758 in ADPKD Patients	The pharmacokinetic parameter MRAUC(0-14) for WAY-138758 will be calculated and corrected for molecular weight of WAY-138758 and parent lixivaptan as: (AUC(0-14),m/AUC(0-14),p)(MWp/MWm), where AUC(0-14),m and MWm are AUC(0-14) and molecular weight of WAY-138758, respectively, and AUC(0-14),p and MWp are AUC(0-14) and molecular weight of parent lixivaptan, respectively. The following molecular weights are to be used in all MRAUC(0-14) calculations: lixivaptan: 473.93 g/mol; WAY-138758: 426.82 g/mol; Results will be summarized by cohort.	Day 7 (pm)
Primary	Number of Study Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events	The number of study participants who experience treatment-emergent adverse events during the study will be counted and summarized by dose level.	35 days
Primary	Number of Study Participants With Clinically Significant Physical Examination Findings	The number of study participants who experience clinically significant physical examination findings during the study will be counted and summarized by cohort.	35 days
Primary	Number of Study Participants With Clinically Significant Vital Signs	The number of study participants who experience vital signs (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature) meeting the predefined markedly abnormal criteria during the study will be counted and summarized by cohort.	35 days
Primary	Number of Study Participants With Clinically Significant Changes in 12-lead Electrocardiograms	The number of study participants who experience 12-lead electrocardiograms meeting the predefined markedly abnormal criteria during the study will be counted and summarized by cohort.	Baseline (Day 1) to Day 8 (8 days)
Primary	Number of Study Participants With Abnormal Clinical Laboratory Findings (Including Clinical Chemistry, Hematology, and Urinalysis)	The number of study participants who experience clinically meaningful laboratory findings, relating to clinical chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis, during the study will be counted and summarized by cohort.	35 days
Primary	Aquaretic Tolerability of Lixivaptan Measured by a Tolerability Questionnaire Relating to the Symptom Burden of Nocturia, Urgency, and Frequency at Day 7: Questions 1, 2, 6, and 10	The number of study participants who answered "yes" to the following questions at Day 7 will be counted and summarized by dose level: Could you tolerate taking this dose of study drug for the next 12 months?; Did the study drug make you feel thirsty more often than usual?; Did the study drug make you go to the bathroom (urinate) more often than usual during the night?; Would you be comfortable recommending the study drug to another patient with your kidney condition?	Day 7
Primary	Aquaretic Tolerability of Lixivaptan Measured by a Tolerability Questionnaire Relating to the Symptom Burden of Nocturia, Urgency, and Frequency at Day 7: Question 3	The number of study participants who answered "not at all" and "slightly" to the following question at Day 7 will be measured: • If the study drug made you feel thirsty more often than usual, were you bothered by it?	Day 7
Primary	Aquaretic Tolerability of Lixivaptan Measured by a Tolerability Questionnaire Relating to the Symptom Burden of Nocturia, Urgency, and Frequency at Day 7: Question 7	The number of study participants who answered "not at all" and "slightly" to the following question at Day 7 will be measured: • If the study drug made you go to the bathroom (urinate) more often than usual during the night, did it bother you?	Day 7
Secondary	Change From Baseline in Spot Urine Osmolality	Changes from baseline in spot urine measurements for samples taken at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, and 24 hours after the Day 1 and Day 7 doses will be summarized by cohort. The baseline value for each time point after first administration of study drug is the value observed at the corresponding time point on Day -1 (or Day 1 for the AM predose assessment only).	At time of dose, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, and 24 hours after the Day 1 and Day 7 doses
Secondary	Change From Baseline in 24-hour Urine Output	Changes from baseline in 24-hour urine output for samples taken on Day 1 and Day 7 will be summarized by cohort. The baseline value was the last value observed prior to first administration of study drug on Day -1.	Baseline (Day -1), Day 1, and Day 7
Secondary	Change From Baseline of the Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)	Changes from baseline of eGFR derived from the serum creatinine concentrations for samples taken at Day 1 (postdose), Day 2, Day 7, Day 8, and Day 35 will summarized by cohort	Baseline (Day 1) to end of study (35 days)
Secondary	Change From Baseline in Total Kidney Volume	Changes from baseline (Day -1) in total kidney volume, measured by abdominal MRI on Day 7 and Day 35, will be summarized by cohort.	Baseline (Day -1) to end of study (36 days)
Secondary	Change From Baseline in Liver Volume	Changes from baseline (Day -1) in liver volume, measured by abdominal MRI on Day 7 and Day 35, will be summarized by cohort.	Baseline (Day -1) to end of study (36 days)
Secondary	Change From Baseline of Plasma Copeptin	Changes from baseline (Day -1) in plasma copeptin, a marker for circulating vasopressin, at Day 2, Day 7, and Day 35 will be summarized by cohort.	Baseline (Day -1) to end of study (36 days)
Secondary	Change From Baseline in Serum Creatinine	Changes from baseline in serum creatinine for samples taken at Day 2, Day 7, Day 8, and Day 35 will be summarized by cohort.	Baseline (Day 1, predose) to end of study (35 days)
Secondary	Change From Baseline in Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)	Changes from baseline in BUN for samples taken at Day 2, Day 7, Day 8, and Day 35 will be summarized by cohort.	Baseline (Day 1, predose) to end of study (35 days)