Genetics of Familial and Sporadic ALS

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Clinical Trial

— ALS  

Official title:

Identification of Genes Causing Familial ALS or Increasing Risk for Sporadic ALS and ALS With Frontotemporal Dementia and Understanding Disease Mechanism.

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT00821132
• Other study ID #: Lab01
• Secondary ID: RO1N505641-04
• Status: Completed
• Start date: January 1991
• Est. completion date: January 2023

Study information

• Verified date: January 2023
• Source: Northwestern University
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Observational

Clinical Trial Summary

We are collecting blood samples, clinical and family information from ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) patients and their families to identify causes of ALS and ALS/dementia.

Description:

The investigators' long term goals are to improve diagnosis and develop effective treatments that arrest or ameliorate symptoms of ALS, and possibly delay or prevent disease onset in individuals at risk for developing familial ALS (FALS). In order to do this one must understand how disease develops at a molecular level. Identification of genes that increase risk for developing all types of ALS will reveal the pathways of molecular events that are involved in ALS.

The investigators are collecting blood samples, family and medical histories of patients with all types of ALS, (familial and sporadic, with and without frontotemporal dementia, and primary lateral sclerosis and particular family members. Samples are coded to maintain confidentiality. Travel is not necessary.

As well as seeking to identify new genes implicated in ALS, the investigators continue our study of families with known genetic mutations to more fully characterize that disease mechanism.

Linkage analysis and affected relative pair analysis will be used to identify causative FALS genes and disequilibrium analysis and association studies are being done for sporadic ALS.

Results from these studies will provide insight into the underlying disease mechanisms of ALS and provide targets for therapeutic interventions.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 13521
• Est. completion date: January 2023
• Est. primary completion date: January 2023
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years and older

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis or ALS and frontotemporal dementia

• Selected family members, generally brothers and sisters of an ALS patient, the patient's parents

Exclusion Criteria:

• Under 18 years old

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
• Aphasia, Primary Progressive
• Dementia
• Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Frontotemporal Dementia
• Lou Gehrig's Disease
• Motor Neuron Disease
• Pick Disease of the Brain
• Primary Lateral Sclerosis (PLS)
• Sclerosis

Intervention

Other:
• Genetic study of ALS families
Collection and analysis of genetic material, medical and family histories from families with ALS

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine	Chicago	Illinois

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Northwestern University

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (62)

Ahmeti KB, Ajroud-Driss S, Al-Chalabi A, Andersen PM, Armstrong J, Birve A, Blauw HM, Brown RH, Bruijn L, Chen W, Chio A, Comeau MC, Cronin S, Diekstra FP, Soraya Gkazi A, Glass JD, Grab JD, Groen EJ, Haines JL, Hardiman O, Heller S, Huang J, Hung WY; ITA — View Citation

Ajroud-Driss S, Saeed M, Khan H, Siddique N, Hung WY, Sufit R, Heller S, Armstrong J, Casey P, Siddique T, Lukas TJ. Riluzole metabolism and CYP1A1/2 polymorphisms in patients with ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2007 Oct;8(5):305-9. doi: 10.1080/1748296070 — View Citation

Ajroud-Driss S, Siddique T. Sporadic and hereditary amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015 Apr;1852(4):679-84. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.08.010. Epub 2014 Sep 1. — View Citation

Al-Chalabi A, Kwak S, Mehler M, Rouleau G, Siddique T, Strong M, Leigh PN. Genetic and epigenetic studies of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2013 May;14 Suppl 1:44-52. doi: 10.3109/21678421.2013.778571. — View Citation

Arrat H, Lukas TJ, Siddique T. ACTH (Acthar Gel) Reduces Toxic SOD1 Protein Linked to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Transgenic Mice: A Novel Observation. PLoS One. 2015 May 8;10(5):e0125638. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125638. eCollection 2015. — View Citation

Bali T, Self W, Liu J, Siddique T, Wang LH, Bird TD, Ratti E, Atassi N, Boylan KB, Glass JD, Maragakis NJ, Caress JB, McCluskey LF, Appel SH, Wymer JP, Gibson S, Zinman L, Mozaffar T, Callaghan B, McVey AL, Jockel-Balsarotti J, Allred P, Fisher ER, Lopate — View Citation

Bigio EH, Wu JY, Deng HX, Bit-Ivan EN, Mao Q, Ganti R, Peterson M, Siddique N, Geula C, Siddique T, Mesulam M. Inclusions in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 proteinopathy (FTLD-TDP) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but not FTLD with — View Citation

Chen W, Saeed M, Mao H, Siddique N, Dellefave L, Hung WY, Deng HX, Sufit RL, Heller SL, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance M, Siddique T. Lack of association of VEGF promoter polymorphisms with sporadic ALS. Neurology. 2006 Aug 8;67(3):508-10. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0 — View Citation

Deng HX, Bigio EH, Siddique T. Detection of protein aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases. Methods Mol Biol. 2011;793:259-72. doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-328-8_17. — View Citation

Deng HX, Bigio EH, Zhai H, Fecto F, Ajroud K, Shi Y, Yan J, Mishra M, Ajroud-Driss S, Heller S, Sufit R, Siddique N, Mugnaini E, Siddique T. Differential involvement of optineurin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with or without SOD1 mutations. Arch Neuro — View Citation

Deng HX, Chen W, Hong ST, Boycott KM, Gorrie GH, Siddique N, Yang Y, Fecto F, Shi Y, Zhai H, Jiang H, Hirano M, Rampersaud E, Jansen GH, Donkervoort S, Bigio EH, Brooks BR, Ajroud K, Sufit RL, Haines JL, Mugnaini E, Pericak-Vance MA, Siddique T. Mutations — View Citation

Deng HX, Jiang H, Fu R, Zhai H, Shi Y, Liu E, Hirano M, Dal Canto MC, Siddique T. Molecular dissection of ALS-associated toxicity of SOD1 in transgenic mice using an exon-fusion approach. Hum Mol Genet. 2008 Aug 1;17(15):2310-9. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddn131. E — View Citation

Deng HX, Klein CJ, Yan J, Shi Y, Wu Y, Fecto F, Yau HJ, Yang Y, Zhai H, Siddique N, Hedley-Whyte ET, Delong R, Martina M, Dyck PJ, Siddique T. Scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy and CMT2C are allelic disorders caused by alterations in TRPV4. Nat Gene — View Citation

Deng HX, Shi Y, Furukawa Y, Zhai H, Fu R, Liu E, Gorrie GH, Khan MS, Hung WY, Bigio EH, Lukas T, Dal Canto MC, O'Halloran TV, Siddique T. Conversion to the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis phenotype is associated with intermolecular linked insoluble aggregat — View Citation

Deng HX, Shi Y, Yang Y, Ahmeti KB, Miller N, Huang C, Cheng L, Zhai H, Deng S, Nuytemans K, Corbett NJ, Kim MJ, Deng H, Tang B, Yang Z, Xu Y, Chan P, Huang B, Gao XP, Song Z, Liu Z, Fecto F, Siddique N, Foroud T, Jankovic J, Ghetti B, Nicholson DA, Krainc — View Citation

Deng HX, Zhai H, Bigio EH, Yan J, Fecto F, Ajroud K, Mishra M, Ajroud-Driss S, Heller S, Sufit R, Siddique N, Mugnaini E, Siddique T. FUS-immunoreactive inclusions are a common feature in sporadic and non-SOD1 familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann N — View Citation

Deng HX, Zhai H, Shi Y, Liu G, Lowry J, Liu B, Ryan EB, Yan J, Yang Y, Zhang N, Yang Z, Liu E, Ma YC, Siddique T. Efficacy and long-term safety of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in the SOD1-linked mouse models of ALS. Commun Biol. 2021 Mar 25;4(1):396. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-01942-4. — View Citation

Edens BM, Yan J, Miller N, Deng HX, Siddique T, Ma YC. A novel ALS-associated variant in UBQLN4 regulates motor axon morphogenesis. Elife. 2017 May 2;6:e25453. doi: 10.7554/eLife.25453. — View Citation

Fawzi AA, Simonett JM, Purta P, Moss HE, Lowry JL, Deng HX, Siddique N, Sufit R, Bigio EH, Volpe NJ, Siddique T. Clinicopathologic report of ocular involvement in ALS patients with C9orf72 mutation. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2014 Dec — View Citation

Fecto F, Esengul YT, Siddique T. Protein recycling pathways in neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2014 Mar 6;6(2):13. doi: 10.1186/alzrt243. eCollection 2014. — View Citation

Fecto F, Shi Y, Huda R, Martina M, Siddique T, Deng HX. Mutant TRPV4-mediated toxicity is linked to increased constitutive function in axonal neuropathies. J Biol Chem. 2011 May 13;286(19):17281-91. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.237685. Epub 2011 Mar 21. — View Citation

Fecto F, Siddique T. Making connections: pathology and genetics link amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with frontotemporal lobe dementia. J Mol Neurosci. 2011 Nov;45(3):663-75. doi: 10.1007/s12031-011-9637-9. Epub 2011 Sep 7. — View Citation

Fecto F, Siddique T. SIGMAR1 mutations, genetic heterogeneity at the chromosome 9p locus, and the expanding etiological diversity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2011 Dec;70(6):867-70. doi: 10.1002/ana.22648. No abstract available. — View Citation

Fecto F, Siddique T. UBQLN2/P62 cellular recycling pathways in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Muscle Nerve. 2012 Feb;45(2):157-62. doi: 10.1002/mus.23278. — View Citation

Fecto F, Siddique T. What is repeated in ALS and FTLD. Lancet Neurol. 2012 Jan;11(1):25-7. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70275-7. Epub 2011 Dec 7. No abstract available. — View Citation

Fecto F, Yan J, Vemula SP, Liu E, Yang Y, Chen W, Zheng JG, Shi Y, Siddique N, Arrat H, Donkervoort S, Ajroud-Driss S, Sufit RL, Heller SL, Deng HX, Siddique T. SQSTM1 mutations in familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2011 Nov — View Citation

Fogh I, Ratti A, Gellera C, Lin K, Tiloca C, Moskvina V, Corrado L, Soraru G, Cereda C, Corti S, Gentilini D, Calini D, Castellotti B, Mazzini L, Querin G, Gagliardi S, Del Bo R, Conforti FL, Siciliano G, Inghilleri M, Sacca F, Bongioanni P, Penco S, Corb — View Citation

Frutiger K, Lukas TJ, Gorrie G, Ajroud-Driss S, Siddique T. Gender difference in levels of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2008 Jun;9(3):184-7. doi: 10.1080/ — View Citation

Gallardo G, Barowski J, Ravits J, Siddique T, Lingrel JB, Robertson J, Steen H, Bonni A. An alpha2-Na/K ATPase/alpha-adducin complex in astrocytes triggers non-cell autonomous neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci. 2014 Dec;17(12):1710-9. doi: 10.1038/nn.3853. — View Citation

Gorrie GH, Fecto F, Radzicki D, Weiss C, Shi Y, Dong H, Zhai H, Fu R, Liu E, Li S, Arrat H, Bigio EH, Disterhoft JF, Martina M, Mugnaini E, Siddique T, Deng HX. Dendritic spinopathy in transgenic mice expressing ALS/dementia-linked mutant UBQLN2. Proc Nat — View Citation

Hartzfeld DE, Siddique N, Victorson D, O'Neill S, Kinsley L, Siddique T. Reproductive decision-making among individuals at risk for familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2015 Mar;16(1-2):114-9. doi: 10.310 — View Citation

Hentati A, Ouahchi K, Pericak-Vance MA, Nijhawan D, Ahmad A, Yang Y, Rimmler J, Hung W, Schlotter B, Ahmed A, Ben Hamida M, Hentati F, Siddique T. Linkage of a commoner form of recessive amyotrophic lateral sclerosis to chromosome 15q15-q22 markers. Neuro — View Citation

Hosler BA, Siddique T, Sapp PC, Sailor W, Huang MC, Hossain A, Daube JR, Nance M, Fan C, Kaplan J, Hung WY, McKenna-Yasek D, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Horvitz HR, Brown RH Jr. Linkage of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with frontotemporal dement — View Citation

Kwan JY, Jeong SY, Van Gelderen P, Deng HX, Quezado MM, Danielian LE, Butman JA, Chen L, Bayat E, Russell J, Siddique T, Duyn JH, Rouault TA, Floeter MK. Iron accumulation in deep cortical layers accounts for MRI signal abnormalities in ALS: correlating 7 — View Citation

Kwiatkowski TJ Jr, Bosco DA, Leclerc AL, Tamrazian E, Vanderburg CR, Russ C, Davis A, Gilchrist J, Kasarskis EJ, Munsat T, Valdmanis P, Rouleau GA, Hosler BA, Cortelli P, de Jong PJ, Yoshinaga Y, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Yan J, Ticozzi N, Siddique T, — View Citation

Lee S, Shang Y, Redmond SA, Urisman A, Tang AA, Li KH, Burlingame AL, Pak RA, Jovicic A, Gitler AD, Wang J, Gray NS, Seeley WW, Siddique T, Bigio EH, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Chan JR, Huang EJ. Activation of HIPK2 Promotes ER Stress-Mediated Neurodegenerat — View Citation

Li YJ, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL, Siddique N, McKenna-Yasek D, Hung WY, Sapp P, Allen CI, Chen W, Hosler B, Saunders AM, Dellefave LM, Brown RH, Siddique T. Apolipoprotein E is associated with age at onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurogenetics — View Citation

Lowry JL, Ryan EB, Esengul YT, Siddique N, Siddique T. Intricacies of aetiology in intrafamilial degenerative disease. Brain Commun. 2020 Oct 6;2(2):fcaa120. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa120. eCollection 2020. — View Citation

Lukas TJ, Schiltz GE, Arrat H, Scheidt K, Siddique T. Discovery of 1,3,4-oxidiazole scaffold compounds as inhibitors of superoxide dismutase expression. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2014 Mar 15;24(6):1532-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.078. Epub 2014 Feb 8. — View Citation

Ortega JA, Daley EL, Kour S, Samani M, Tellez L, Smith HS, Hall EA, Esengul YT, Tsai YH, Gendron TF, Donnelly CJ, Siddique T, Savas JN, Pandey UB, Kiskinis E. Nucleocytoplasmic Proteomic Analysis Uncovers eRF1 and Nonsense-Mediated Decay as Modifiers of ALS/FTD C9orf72 Toxicity. Neuron. 2020 Apr 8;106(1):90-107.e13. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.020. Epub 2020 Feb 13. — View Citation

Pytte J, Anderton RS, Flynn LL, Theunissen F, Jiang L, Pitout I, James I, Mastaglia FL, Saunders AM, Bedlack R, Siddique T, Siddique N, Akkari PA. Association of a structural variant within the SQSTM1 gene with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurol Genet. 2020 Feb 27;6(2):e406. doi: 10.1212/NXG.0000000000000406. eCollection 2020 Apr. — View Citation

Pytte J, Flynn LL, Anderton RS, Mastaglia FL, Theunissen F, James I, Pfaff A, Koks S, Saunders AM, Bedlack R, Burns DK, Lutz MW, Siddique N, Siddique T, Roses AD, Akkari PA. Disease-modifying effects of an SCAF4 structural variant in a predominantly SOD1 — View Citation

Radzicki D, Liu E, Deng HX, Siddique T, Martina M. Early Impairment of Synaptic and Intrinsic Excitability in Mice Expressing ALS/Dementia-Linked Mutant UBQLN2. Front Cell Neurosci. 2016 Sep 20;10:216. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00216. eCollection 2016. — View Citation

Rosen DR, Siddique T, Patterson D, Figlewicz DA, Sapp P, Hentati A, Donaldson D, Goto J, O'Regan JP, Deng HX, et al. Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature. 1993 Mar 4;362(6415):59-6 — View Citation

Ryan EB, Deng HX. Does Somatic Mosaicism Account for Some Sporadic ALS? Neurol Genet. 2021 Jan 12;7(1):e555. doi: 10.1212/NXG.0000000000000555. eCollection 2021 Feb. No abstract available. — View Citation

Ryan EB, Yan J, Miller N, Dayanidhi S, Ma YC, Deng HX, Siddique T. Early death of ALS-linked CHCHD10-R15L transgenic mice with central nervous system, skeletal muscle, and cardiac pathology. iScience. 2021 Jan 18;24(2):102061. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102061. eCollection 2021 Feb 19. — View Citation

Saeed M, Siddique N, Hung WY, Usacheva E, Liu E, Sufit RL, Heller SL, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance M, Siddique T. Paraoxonase cluster polymorphisms are associated with sporadic ALS. Neurology. 2006 Sep 12;67(5):771-6. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000227187.52002.88. — View Citation

Saeed M, Yang Y, Deng HX, Hung WY, Siddique N, Dellefave L, Gellera C, Andersen PM, Siddique T. Age and founder effect of SOD1 A4V mutation causing ALS. Neurology. 2009 May 12;72(19):1634-9. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000343509.76828.2a. Epub 2009 Jan 28. — View Citation

Siddique N, Siddique T. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview. 2001 Mar 23 [updated 2021 Sep 30]. In: Adam MP, Everman DB, Mirzaa GM, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Gripp KW, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews(R) [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Was — View Citation

Siddique T, Ajroud-Driss S. Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a historical perspective. Acta Myol. 2011 Oct;30(2):117-20. — View Citation

Silani V, Corcia P, Harms MB, Rouleau G, Siddique T, Ticozzi N. Genetics of primary lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2020 Nov;21(sup1):28-34. doi: 10.1080/21678421.2020.1837177. — View Citation

Simonett JM, Huang R, Siddique N, Farsiu S, Siddique T, Volpe NJ, Fawzi AA. Macular sub-layer thinning and association with pulmonary function tests in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Sci Rep. 2016 Jul 7;6:29187. doi: 10.1038/srep29187. — View Citation

Subramony SH, Ashizawa T, Langford L, McKenna R, Avvaru B, Siddique T, Vedanarayanan V. Confirmation of the severe phenotypic effect of serine at codon 41 of the superoxide dismutase 1 gene. Muscle Nerve. 2011 Oct;44(4):499-502. doi: 10.1002/mus.22117. Ep — View Citation

Volpe NJ, Simonett J, Fawzi AA, Siddique T. Ophthalmic Manifestations of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (An American Ophthalmological Society Thesis). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2015;113:T12. — View Citation

Wang L, Deng HX, Grisotti G, Zhai H, Siddique T, Roos RP. Wild-type SOD1 overexpression accelerates disease onset of a G85R SOD1 mouse. Hum Mol Genet. 2009 May 1;18(9):1642-51. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddp085. Epub 2009 Feb 19. — View Citation

Wang X, Blanchard J, Grundke-Iqbal I, Wegiel J, Deng HX, Siddique T, Iqbal K. Alzheimer disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an etiopathogenic connection. Acta Neuropathol. 2014 Feb;127(2):243-56. doi: 10.1007/s00401-013-1175-9. Epub 2013 Oct 18. — View Citation

Wu JJ, Cai A, Greenslade JE, Higgins NR, Fan C, Le NTT, Tatman M, Whiteley AM, Prado MA, Dieriks BV, Curtis MA, Shaw CE, Siddique T, Faull RLM, Scotter EL, Finley D, Monteiro MJ. ALS/FTD mutations in UBQLN2 impede autophagy by reducing autophagosome acidification through loss of function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Jun 30;117(26):15230-15241. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1917371117. Epub 2020 Jun 8. Erratum In: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Sep 7;118(36): — View Citation

Yan J, Deng HX, Siddique N, Fecto F, Chen W, Yang Y, Liu E, Donkervoort S, Zheng JG, Shi Y, Ahmeti KB, Brooks B, Engel WK, Siddique T. Frameshift and novel mutations in FUS in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and ALS/dementia. Neurology. 2010 Aug 31 — View Citation

Yang Y, Hentati A, Deng HX, Dabbagh O, Sasaki T, Hirano M, Hung WY, Ouahchi K, Yan J, Azim AC, Cole N, Gascon G, Yagmour A, Ben-Hamida M, Pericak-Vance M, Hentati F, Siddique T. The gene encoding alsin, a protein with three guanine-nucleotide exchange fac — View Citation

Yang Y, Zhang L, Lynch DR, Lukas T, Ahmeti K, Sleiman PM, Ryan E, Schadt KA, Newman JH, Deng HX, Siddique N, Siddique T. Compound heterozygote mutations in SPG7 in a family with adult-onset primary lateral sclerosis. Neurol Genet. 2016 Mar 3;2(2):e60. doi — View Citation

Yasser S, Fecto F, Siddique T, Sheikh KA, Athar P. An unusual case of familial ALS and cerebellar ataxia. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2010 Dec;11(6):568-70. doi: 10.3109/17482961003636874. Epub 2010 Jun 14. — View Citation

Zhou J, Yi J, Fu R, Liu E, Siddique T, Rios E, Deng HX. Hyperactive intracellular calcium signaling associated with localized mitochondrial defects in skeletal muscle of an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jan 1;285(1):705- — View Citation

* Note: There are 62 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Identification of genes that increase risk for sporadic ALS or cause inherited ALS.	Study of each identified gene will help us understand the molecular events that produce different types of ALS. This will aid in identification of markers that may be associated with each type which will assist with diagnosis and may provide targets for rational therapy.	Dec 2025

External Links

•   Website of Northwestern's Division of Neuromuscular Medicine