UControlPain App (This is the Official IRB Title)

Opioid Use Clinical Trial

Official title:

UControlPain App (This is the Official IRB Title)

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT03833648
• Other study ID #: 18-1118
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: June 19, 2019
• Est. completion date: April 20, 2020

Study information

• Verified date: September 2021
• Source: University of Colorado, Denver
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

It is estimated that 77% of all Americans own a smartphone and the use of health apps has doubled in the last two years. Consistent with this development, over half of US smartphone owners have downloaded a health-related mobile app. While patient engagement is an integral and well-established component of in-hospital Early Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) programs that drive improved perioperative outcomes, efforts to support such engagement are often limited to a patient's hospital stay. The objective of this aim is to empower patients to control their use of pain medications after surgery in a safe and effective fashion using a novel and innovative consumer health informatics app: UControlPain. This app will be leveraged to integrate three critical components of the study into one application: First, study recruitment and consent documentation. Second, application of the intervention engaging patients to take control of their pain management after discharge. Lastly, UControlPain will collect relevant patient outcomes including pain assessments, functional status, and quantification of opioid and non-opioid analgesic medication intake. Use of the app will reduce the amount of opioid medication required, while enhancing patient post-operative pain control by maximizing non-opioid therapy. Subjects will be able to employ flexible non-opioid therapy with acetaminophen and NSAIDs whenever possible and safe. The rationale is that testing of such a provider-prescribed consumer health informatics app (UControlPain) will lay the groundwork to scale this project towards more secure and efficient pain management practices after surgery on a systems level and beyond. Upon completion, the expectation is to have developed an effective consumer health informatics app to help patients better manage their post-surgical pain at home, reduce reliance on opioids, and improve opioid safety through enhanced storage and disposal behaviors.

Description:

Prescription opioid overdose has emerged as a leading cause of death in the general population. Opioid-based therapy represents a corner-stone of post-operative pain management. With increasing emphasis on robust pain therapy, sales of opioid medications have increased. Parallel to this rise, opioid-associated deaths have also increased. Over-prescribed opioids after surgery can create a reservoir of opioids that become available for non-medical use. Effective strategies to maximize non-opioid pain therapy and to limit such a reservoir are lacking. Thus, there is an urgent need to individualize post-operative pain therapy and reduce reliance on opioids.

Preliminary data indicate that postsurgical patients are prescribed combination preparations (opioid+acetaminophen) in 96% of cases. Opioid+acetaminophen combination products have received scrutiny from the FDA for causing liver injury from unintentional overdose when combined with additional over-the-counter (OTC) acetaminophen. If postoperative patients are prescribed opioid-only products, they can safely use OTC acetaminophen in addition to NSAIDs, e.g. ibuprofen, in a highly effective fashion. Such an Alternatives to Opioids (ALTO)-based approach can reduce the need for opioids while ensuring pain control and limiting opioid-associated side effects. A barrier to utilizing an ALTO-based approach is lack of patient knowledge on appropriate use and timing of drugs such as acetaminophen, especially when used in combination with other analgesics. Internet-based applications have been successfully used for substance use disorder treatment adherence. Importantly, patient-based interventions to improve adherence are especially effective in the first six weeks, yielding up to five-fold improvement in compliance. While consumer health informatics applications have been successfully tested to improve adherence for anti-depressants and diabetic medications such an approach has not yet been evaluated for perioperative pain therapy. Data from an ongoing observational study assessing pain outcomes and patient-reported pain medication intake after hospital discharge support the assumption that effective combinations of non-opioid pain medications (ALTO) are underutilized.

The study is using an investigator engineered a functioning prototype of a consumer health informatics app: UControlPain. This study is a randomized controlled pilot trial of this consumer health informatics app, to test its effect on pain outcomes, analgesic medication requirements, and patient functional outcomes. For this study, the UControlPain will be introduced to hospitalized patients after surgery.

Patients will be approached regarding interest in the study prior to hospital discharge. A trained member of the research team will explain the study to prospective participants. If the patient is interested in participation the consent will be reviewed with the patient and the study team will answer any questions the patient may have. Then the study staff will assist the patient in downloading the UControlPain app. The study patient will be provided with a hard copy of the consent/HIPAA form.

Demographics and the best contact information will be collected from those enrolled patients who indicate they are interested in completing the surveys after their hospital discharge. Patients will be randomized to one of two conditions: 1) usual care versus 2) provision of the provider-prescribed education/tool part of the consumer health informatics app (UControlPain) using a random electronic 1:1 allocation scheme. If indicated and approved by the provider, opioid-only prescriptions will be written for opioid-based analgesia in both groups. Final dosing decisions and drug choices will remain at the discretion of the treating provider and nursing staff administering medications. While hospitalized patients will also be prompted to do a 6-minute walk test and measure the number of steps taken within 24 hours (if cleared by Physical Therapy to walk without assistance). These functional assessments will be performed daily while hospitalized and weekly for 4 weeks after discharge.

One week after hospital discharge interested patients with be contacted and asked to complete the first of four surveys. All communication will be available in English. Patients will be paid with a $5 gift card or money order equivalent to complete the study assessments within the app or with an online link.

UControlPain will provide general education on how to properly use ALTO, e.g., over-the-counter medications before using opioids in patients where providers have not identified contraindications to such medications (e.g. acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). Other educational information presented in this part of the app will include information on safe-storage, signs of overdose, and resources for patients who are concerned about becoming addicted. The survey part of the study consists of a brief questionnaire asking about pain management following hospital discharge that will be sent out weekly x 4 starting one week after hospital discharge.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 60
• Est. completion date: April 20, 2020
• Est. primary completion date: April 20, 2020
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years to 89 Years

Eligibility

We will study up to 120 adult surgical patients, with the aim of having usable data from at least 90 patients.

Inclusion Criteria: 1) Patients ages 18-89 undergoing inpatient surgery at the University of Colorado Hospital are eligible. 2) Technical capacity and willingness to use and download the UControlPain app on their personal cell phone.

Exclusion Criteria: 1) Patients under the age of 18 years, 2) Patients returning to institutional settings (e.g. prison, jail, mental health facility), 3) Pregnant women, 4) Decisionally challenged patients, 5) Blind or illiterate patients, and 6) Medical contraindications to use of opioids, acetaminophen, or NSAIDs.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Opioid Use

Intervention

Other:
• UControl Pain App with Education
The intervention will include educational information on pain management, e.g., using acetaminophen and NSAIDs to manage pain, as well as information on addiction and safe storage of medications.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	University of Colorado Hospital	Aurora	Colorado

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
University of Colorado, Denver

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (21)

Acute Pain Management: Operative or Medical Procedures and Trauma. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHCPR). 1992; http://archive.ahrq.gov/clinic/medtep/acute.htm. Accessed 12/11/2014.

Barozzi N, Tett SE. Perceived barriers to paracetamol (acetaminophen) prescribing, especially following rofecoxib withdrawal from the market. Clin Rheumatol. 2009 May;28(5):509-19. doi: 10.1007/s10067-008-1077-8. Epub 2009 Jan 9. — View Citation

Bartels K, Fernandez-Bustamante A, McWilliams SK, Hopfer CJ, Mikulich-Gilbertson SK. Long-term opioid use after inpatient surgery - A retrospective cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018 Jun 1;187:61-65. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.02.013. Epub 2018 Mar 27. — View Citation

Binswanger IA, Blatchford PJ, Mueller SR, Stern MF. Mortality after prison release: opioid overdose and other causes of death, risk factors, and time trends from 1999 to 2009. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Nov 5;159(9):592-600. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-159-9-201311050-00005. — View Citation

Calcaterra S, Glanz J, Binswanger IA. National trends in pharmaceutical opioid related overdose deaths compared to other substance related overdose deaths: 1999-2009. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Aug 1;131(3):263-70. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.018. Epub 2013 Jan 5. — View Citation

Campbell AN, Nunes EV, Matthews AG, Stitzer M, Miele GM, Polsky D, Turrigiano E, Walters S, McClure EA, Kyle TL, Wahle A, Van Veldhuisen P, Goldman B, Babcock D, Stabile PQ, Winhusen T, Ghitza UE. Internet-delivered treatment for substance abuse: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Jun;171(6):683-90. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13081055. Erratum in: Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Dec 1;171(12):1338. — View Citation

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers---United States, 1999--2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011 Nov 4;60(43):1487-92. — View Citation

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Leading Causes of Death. http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/leading_causes_death.html Accessed last on 09/27/2017.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prescription Drug Overdose: Understanding the Epidemic. http://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/index.html Accessed last on 09/28/2017.

Dart RC, Surratt HL, Cicero TJ, Parrino MW, Severtson SG, Bucher-Bartelson B, Green JL. Trends in opioid analgesic abuse and mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jan 15;372(3):241-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa1406143. — View Citation

Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Single dose oral ibuprofen plus paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 24;(6):CD010210. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010210.pub2. Review. — View Citation

Food and Drug Adminstration. Department of Health and Human Services. Prescription Products Containing Acetaminophen; Actions To Reduce Liver Injury From Unitentional Overdose. Federal Register. 2011;76(10):2691-2697.

Harris K, Curtis J, Larsen B, Calder S, Duffy K, Bowen G, Hadley M, Tristani-Firouzi P. Opioid pain medication use after dermatologic surgery: a prospective observational study of 212 dermatologic surgery patients. JAMA Dermatol. 2013 Mar;149(3):317-21. — View Citation

Krebs P, Duncan DT. Health App Use Among US Mobile Phone Owners: A National Survey. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2015 Nov 4;3(4):e101. doi: 10.2196/mhealth.4924. — View Citation

Liu VX, Rosas E, Hwang J, Cain E, Foss-Durant A, Clopp M, Huang M, Lee DC, Mustille A, Kipnis P, Parodi S. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Program Implementation in 2 Surgical Populations in an Integrated Health Care Delivery System. JAMA Surg. 2017 Jul 19;152(7):e171032. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2017.1032. Epub 2017 Jul 19. — View Citation

Milani RV, Franklin NC. The Role of Technology in Healthy Living Medicine. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2017 Mar - Apr;59(5):487-491. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2017.02.001. Epub 2017 Feb 11. Review. — View Citation

Olsen Y, Daumit GL, Ford DE. Opioid prescriptions by U.S. primary care physicians from 1992 to 2001. J Pain. 2006 Apr;7(4):225-35. — View Citation

Rodgers J, Cunningham K, Fitzgerald K, Finnerty E. Opioid consumption following outpatient upper extremity surgery. J Hand Surg Am. 2012 Apr;37(4):645-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.01.035. Epub 2012 Mar 10. — View Citation

Sirey JA, Banerjee S, Marino P, Bruce ML, Halkett A, Turnwald M, Chiang C, Liles B, Artis A, Blow F, Kales HC. Adherence to Depression Treatment in Primary Care: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Nov 1;74(11):1129-1135. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3047. — View Citation

Valentine AR, Carvalho B, Lazo TA, Riley ET. Scheduled acetaminophen with as-needed opioids compared to as-needed acetaminophen plus opioids for post-cesarean pain management. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2015 Aug;24(3):210-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2015.03.006. Epub 2015 Mar 23. — View Citation

Volkow ND, Frieden TR, Hyde PS, Cha SS. Medication-assisted therapies--tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2014 May 29;370(22):2063-6. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1402780. Epub 2014 Apr 23. — View Citation

* Note: There are 21 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Other	Opioid storage and disposal	Locked vs. un-locked location	Hospital discharge until 4 weeks after discharge
Primary	Mean Post-Discharge Opioid Intake at 4 weeks post-discharge (total)	Milligram morphine equivalent (MME)	Four weeks after hospital discharge, as reported on the surveys completed by the patient.
Secondary	6-minute Walk Test - Week 1	Steps taken in a 6-minute walk test	One week after hospital discharge
Secondary	6-minute Walk Test - Week 2	Steps taken in a 6-minute walk test	Two weeks after hospital discharge
Secondary	6-minute Walk Test - Week 3	Steps taken in a 6-minute walk test	Three weeks after hospital discharge
Secondary	6-minute Walk Test - Week 4	Steps taken in a 6-minute walk test	Four weeks after hospital discharge
Secondary	In-Hospital Opioid Milligram Morphine Equivalent (MME)	Total MME of all in-hospital opioid medications prescribed in the 24 hours prior to hospital discharge as recorded in the electronic medical record (EMR) for each patient.	24 hours prior to hospital discharge
Secondary	Mean Post-Discharge Opioid Dose	Mean oral morphine equivalent (MME) post-discharge opioid dose	At the time of discharge
Secondary	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Week 1	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Score as reported on the Week 1 study survey. The Scale consists of 8 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., Not at all (1), A little bit (2), Somewhat (3), Quite a bit (4), Very much (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 8; the highest possible raw score is 40, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain interference. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.	One week after hospital discharge, as reported on the Week 1 survey completed one time by the patient.
Secondary	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Week 2	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Score as reported on the Week 2 study survey. The Scale consists of 8 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., Not at all (1), A little bit (2), Somewhat (3), Quite a bit (4), Very much (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 8; the highest possible raw score is 40, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain interference. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.	Two weeks after hospital discharge, as reported on the Week 2 survey completed one time by the patient.
Secondary	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Week 3	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Score as reported on the Week 3 study survey. The Scale consists of 8 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., Not at all (1), A little bit (2), Somewhat (3), Quite a bit (4), Very much (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 8; the highest possible raw score is 40, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain interference. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.	Three weeks after hospital discharge, as reported on the Week 3 survey completed one time by the patient.
Secondary	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Week 4	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Score as reported on the Week 4 study survey. The Scale consists of 8 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., Not at all (1), A little bit (2), Somewhat (3), Quite a bit (4), Very much (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 8; the highest possible raw score is 40, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain interference. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.	Four weeks after hospital discharge, as reported on the Week 4 survey completed one time by the patient.
Secondary	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Week 1	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Score as reported on the Week 1 study survey. The Scale consists of 3 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., No pain (1), Mild (2), Moderate (3), Severe (4), Very Severe (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 3; the highest possible raw score is 15, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain intensity. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.	One week after hospital discharge, as reported on the Week 1 survey completed one time by the patient.
Secondary	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Week 2	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Score as reported on the Week 2 study survey. The Scale consists of 3 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., No pain (1), Mild (2), Moderate (3), Severe (4), Very Severe (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 3; the highest possible raw score is 15, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain intensity. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.	Two weeks after hospital discharge, as reported on the Week 2 survey completed one time by the patient.
Secondary	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Week 3	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Score as reported on the Week 3 study survey. The Scale consists of 3 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., No pain (1), Mild (2), Moderate (3), Severe (4), Very Severe (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 3; the highest possible raw score is 15, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain intensity. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.	Three weeks after hospital discharge, as reported on the Week 3 survey completed one time by the patient.
Secondary	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Week 4	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Score as reported on the Week 4 study survey. The Scale consists of 3 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., No pain (1), Mild (2), Moderate (3), Severe (4), Very Severe (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 3; the highest possible raw score is 15, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain intensity. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.	Four weeks after hospital discharge, as reported on the Week 4 survey completed one time by the patient.
Secondary	Non-opioid pain medications taken	Mean doses in milligrams	One week after hospital discharge, as reported on the Week 1 survey completed one time by the patient.
Secondary	Non-opioid pain medications taken	Mean doses in milligrams	Two weeks after hospital discharge, as reported on the Week 2 survey completed by the patient.
Secondary	Non-opioid pain medications taken	Mean doses in milligrams	Three weeks after hospital discharge, as reported on the Week 3 survey completed by the patient.
Secondary	Non-opioid pain medications taken	Mean doses in milligrams	Four weeks after hospital discharge, as reported on the Week 4 survey completed by the patient.