Barozzi N, Tett SE Perceived barriers to paracetamol (acetaminophen) prescribing, especially following rofecoxib withdrawal from the market. Clin Rheumatol. 2009 May;28(5):509-19. doi: 10.1007/s10067-008-1077-8. Epub 2009 Jan 9.
Binswanger IA, Blatchford PJ, Mueller SR, Stern MF Mortality after prison release: opioid overdose and other causes of death, risk factors, and time trends from 1999 to 2009. Ann Intern Med. 2013 Nov 5;159(9):592-600. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-159-9-201311050-00005.
Calcaterra S, Glanz J, Binswanger IA National trends in pharmaceutical opioid related overdose deaths compared to other substance related overdose deaths: 1999-2009. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Aug 1;131(3):263-70. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.018. Epub 2013 Jan 5.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers---United States, 1999--2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011 Nov 4;60(43):1487-92.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Prescription Drug Overdose: Understanding the Epidemic. http://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/index.html Accessed last on 09/28/2017.
Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA Single dose oral ibuprofen plus paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 24;(6):CD010210. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010210.pub2. Review.
Food and Drug Adminstration Department of Health and Human Services. Prescription Products Containing Acetaminophen; Actions To Reduce Liver Injury From Unitentional Overdose. Federal Register. 2011;76(10):2691-2697.
Krebs P, Duncan DT Health App Use Among US Mobile Phone Owners: A National Survey. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2015 Nov 4;3(4):e101. doi: 10.2196/mhealth.4924.
Milani RV, Franklin NC The Role of Technology in Healthy Living Medicine. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2017 Mar - Apr;59(5):487-491. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2017.02.001. Epub 2017 Feb 11. Review.
Olsen Y, Daumit GL, Ford DE Opioid prescriptions by U.S. primary care physicians from 1992 to 2001. J Pain. 2006 Apr;7(4):225-35.
Rodgers J, Cunningham K, Fitzgerald K, Finnerty E Opioid consumption following outpatient upper extremity surgery. J Hand Surg Am. 2012 Apr;37(4):645-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.01.035. Epub 2012 Mar 10.
Valentine AR, Carvalho B, Lazo TA, Riley ET Scheduled acetaminophen with as-needed opioids compared to as-needed acetaminophen plus opioids for post-cesarean pain management. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2015 Aug;24(3):210-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2015.03.006. Epub 2015 Mar 23.
Volkow ND, Frieden TR, Hyde PS, Cha SS Medication-assisted therapies--tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2014 May 29;370(22):2063-6. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1402780. Epub 2014 Apr 23.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.