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Clinical Trial Details — Status: Not yet recruiting

Administrative data

NCT number NCT06309576
Other study ID # PBRC 2023-069
Secondary ID
Status Not yet recruiting
Phase N/A
First received
Last updated
Start date July 2024
Est. completion date June 2025

Study information

Verified date May 2024
Source Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Contact Rodrigo Fernandez-Verdejo, PhD
Phone 2257632594
Email Rodrigo.Fernandez@pbrc.edu
Is FDA regulated No
Health authority
Study type Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

The regulation of human body weight and fatness is not fully understood. Although some models of regulation have been proposed (set point, dual-intervention point, others), no studies have been designed to test their predictions. In this pilot and feasibility study, the investigators will implement an experimental approach to test the predictions of models of body weight regulation in humans. Men and women with either underweight or obesity will be exposed to a 2-day fasting followed by a 2-day ad-libitum refeeding. During the entire fasting-refeeding period, energy intake and expenditure will be accurately measured within metabolic chambers. The investigators will therefore determine the compensatory responses to fasting elicited to prevent weight loss. The results will serve to design and power future studies to better understand body weight regulation.


Description:

Background: Although body weight regulation models have been proposed, experimental approaches for testing their predictions are lacking. The set point (SP) model proposes that a biologically determined fatness is defended by activating compensatory responses to prevent its change. The dual-intervention point (DIP) model proposes that there are two levels of fatness (lower and upper intervention points) within which fatness is weakly regulated. Compensatory responses would only be activated once the lower or upper intervention points are reached. In response to prolonged fasting, the SP model predicts the compensatory responses to be independent of the initial body weight. In contrast, the DIP model predicts higher responses in individuals who are closer to the lower intervention point (underweight) compared to those who are farther away (obesity). None of these models predicts a different response in men vs. women. Our pilot and feasibility study will implement an experimental approach to test these predictions in humans by thoroughly measuring compensatory responses in energy expenditure and energy intake. Design: Twelve individuals (3 men with underweight and 3 with obesity; 3 women with underweight and 3 with obesity) will be kept inpatient in metabolic chambers for 5 consecutive days and exposed to a 1-day energy balance, 2-day fasting, and 2-day ad-libitum refeeding. The primary outcome will be the extent of compensatory response, calculated as the cumulative energy balance during the 5-day inpatient period. Objectives: 1. To determine the extent of compensatory response induced by a 2-day fasting followed by a 2-day ad-libitum refeeding in humans overall and among different subgroups (underweight, obesity, men, women). 2. To explore the timing of the compensatory responses during a 2-day fasting followed by a 2-day ad-libitum refeeding in humans. 3. To explore potential physiological determinants of the inter-individual variability in the compensatory response induced by a 2-day fasting followed by a 2-day ad-libitum refeeding in humans. Relevance: Understanding how body weight is regulated in humans can help to prevent or treat obesity. In this pilot and feasibility study, the investigators propose an experimental approach to test the predictions of two body weight regulation models in response to fasting and explore potential sex differences. These preliminary data will be used to design and power future studies for testing models of body weight regulation in humans.


Recruitment information / eligibility

Status Not yet recruiting
Enrollment 12
Est. completion date June 2025
Est. primary completion date February 2025
Accepts healthy volunteers Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Gender All
Age group 20 Years to 40 Years
Eligibility Inclusion Criteria: - Body mass index lower than 18.5 kg/m2 for the underweight group, or 30 kg/m2 or greater for the obesity group - 20-40 years old - Nulliparous and regular menstrual cycle (25-35 days) during the last six months (in women) - Normal thyroid function, blood count, and chemistry 15 panel (normal plasma glucose will be considered at <100 mg/dL; normal serum HDL cholesterol at =50 mg/dL for women and =40 mg/dL for men; and normal serum triglycerides at <150 mg/dL). - Self-reported weight stability during the last six months (±3 kg) - Rate the liking of at least one of the flavored liquid meals (Ensure Plus, Abbot Nutrition) between 5 and 8 on a 9-point Likert scale - Willing to only drink up to two assigned flavors of Ensure Plus for two consecutive days Exclusion Criteria: - Eating disorders as indicated by a global score =2.80 in the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, or a previous diagnosis of an eating disorder - For the underweight group, having food insecurity (with or without hunger) as assessed by the USDA - Recreational moderate-intensity physical activity =150 min/week, recreational vigorous-intensity physical activity =75 min/week, or a combination of recreational moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity physical activity (moderate time + [2 × vigorous time]) =150 min/week as assessed by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, or being a professional athlete - Cigarette or vape smoking - Intake of more than 14 alcoholic drinks per week - Use of medications that may affect energy intake and/or expenditure, for example, semaglutide, liraglutide, exenatide, other GLP-1 receptor agonists, phentermine-topiramate, naltrexone-bupropion, orlistat, metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors, pramlintide, levocarnitine, amphetamines, and amphetamine-like drugs - Human immunodeficiency virus, galactosemia, and lactose intolerance. - Diseases that affect energy homeostasis including endocrine such as hypo/hyperthyroidism, or type 1 or 2 diabetes; cancer; chronic pulmonary diseases; cardiovascular disease; and renal disease - History of inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's), malabsorption syndromes (intestinal, pancreatic), and sprue or gluten intolerance - Having moderate to severe sleep apnea defined as an oxygen desaturation index >10 times/hour assessed by overnight oximetry to be conducted on the night following the screening visit - Use of oral hormonal contraceptives or less than 6 months using a hormonal intrauterine device (in women) - Adults who are unable to consent - Prisoners - Currently pregnant or breastfeeding (in women)

Study Design


Related Conditions & MeSH terms


Intervention

Behavioral:
Fasting-refeeding cycle
Participants will be maintained in metabolic chambers and exposed to 1 day of energy balance with a standard diet, 2 days of fasting (only water), and 2 days of ad-libitum refeeding using a liquid diet provided in hydration bladders to avoid portion control.

Locations

Country Name City State
n/a

Sponsors (2)

Lead Sponsor Collaborator
Pennington Biomedical Research Center Tulane University

Outcome

Type Measure Description Time frame Safety issue
Primary Compensatory response Cumulative energy balance during the fasting-refeeding cycle The cumulative energy balance is calculated one time using the data of 5 inpatient days
Secondary Timing of the compensatory response Cumulative energy balance during different time periods of the 5-day fasting-refeeding cycle The cumulative energy balance calculated for the following time periods along the 5-day fasting-refeeding cycle: day 1 to 2, day 1 to 3, day 1 to 4, during fasting (day 2 to 3), and during refeeding (day 4 to 5)
Secondary Protein balance Protein balance (intake minus oxidation) during the fasting-refeeding cycle Protein balance is calculated one time using the data of 5 inpatient days
Secondary Carbohydrate balance Carbohydrate balance (intake minus oxidation) during the fasting-refeeding cycle Carbohydrate balance is calculated one time using the data of 5 inpatient days
Secondary Lipid balance Lipid balance (intake minus oxidation) during the fasting-refeeding cycle Lipid balance is calculated one time using the data of 5 inpatient days
Secondary Overall appetite Calculated from the results of visual analog scales that record hunger, satiety, fullness, and prospective food consumption Overall appetite is measured 8 times per day (every 2 hours from approximately 8:00 AM) during the 5 inpatient days
Secondary Food preference Measured using the Food Preference Questionnaire Measured once a day, in the fasting state (at approximately 8:00 AM), during the 5 inpatient days
Secondary Physical activity Measured with wrist-worn accelerometers Measured continuously (i.e. for 24 hours) every day during the 5 inpatient days
Secondary Sleeping metabolic rate Measured within the metabolic chamber, between 2:00 and 5:00 AM, and extrapolated to 24 hours Measured every day during the 5 inpatient days
Secondary Leptin Circulating concentrations of leptin Measured once a day, in the fasting state (at approximately 8:00 AM), during the 5 inpatient days
Secondary Appetite-regulating hormones Circulating concentrations of ghrelin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1, cholecystokinin, insulin Measured once a day, in the fasting state (at approximately 8:00 AM), during the 5 inpatient days
Secondary Metabolites Circulating concentrations of glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies Measured once a day, in the fasting state (at approximately 8:00 AM), during the 5 inpatient days
Secondary Gonadotrophic axis Circulating concentrations of FSH, LH, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone Measured once a day, in the fasting state (at approximately 8:00 AM), during the 5 inpatient days
Secondary Thyroid axis Circulating concentrations of TSH, T3, free T3, reverse T3, T4, free T4 Measured once a day, in the fasting state (at approximately 8:00 AM), during the 5 inpatient days
Secondary Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Circulating concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, catecholamines Measured once a day, in the fasting state (at approximately 8:00 AM), during the 5 inpatient days
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