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Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

NCT number NCT04132531
Other study ID # PRO_B_001
Secondary ID
Status Completed
Phase
First received
Last updated
Start date May 1, 2018
Est. completion date August 13, 2019

Study information

Verified date October 2019
Source St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto
Contact n/a
Is FDA regulated No
Health authority
Study type Observational

Clinical Trial Summary

Obesity and diabetes are linked to increased risk for health problems such as heart attack, stroke, and death. At the cellular level, obesity and diabetes increase levels of harmful inflammatory cells (M1 macrophages) and decreases levels of protective stem cells (circulating progenitor cells) in the blood.

Bariatric (weight loss) surgery is an effective treatment that leads to significant weight loss and improved health in patients with obesity. However, it is unknown if weight loss surgery also replenishes healthy stem cells and decreases inflammatory cells in the body. Therefore, the purpose of this research study is to compare levels of these stem and inflammatory cells before and after bariatric surgery, and to compare to a control group of healthy normal weight participants.

The investigators anticipate that inflammatory cell levels will be reduced and stem cell levels and function will be restored after bariatric surgery, similar to levels of healthy normal weight individuals.


Description:

The escalating pandemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are among the most devastating health crises worldwide. The prevalence of obesity (body mass index (BMI) > 30kg/m^2) is nearly 1 billion individuals worldwide and estimated by the Center for Disease Control at 37.7 percent of the adult population in the United States. The International Diabetes Federation estimates that over 400 million individuals worldwide have T2DM and this number is expected to increase to over 600 million by the year 2040. Diet, exercise, and medications such as metformin have long been the cornerstone of T2DM therapy. Unfortunately, long-term success in the control of T2DM remain disappointing, and even with new medications such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues (Liraglutide) and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (Gliflozins), adequate glycemic control remains elusive. Ultimately, T2DM patients will develop severe cardiovascular complications such as peripheral artery disease, heart attack, and stroke. Due to aging population demographics, and the paucity of curative therapies in this area, the prevalence and economic burden of obesity and T2DM is on the rise. Currently, the costs of medical care for obesity-related illnesses in the United States are estimated at $147 - 185 billion per year. Therefore, the search for curative therapies to combat obesity and T2DM are continually sought.

Bariatric surgery is increasingly recognized as one of the most effective interventions to help patients achieve significant and sustained weight loss, and improved metabolic health. Permanent loss of 20-25 percent body weight (35 - 45 kilograms) is common for patients receiving Roux-en-y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) or Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (VSG) compared to <5 percent in best non-surgical medical therapy patients. The mechanisms of weight loss following bariatric surgery are multifactorial and include changes in food intake, satiety, alterations in gut hormones and bile acid adaptations. Such drastic weight loss is also associated with improvement in chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis and T2DM. Indeed, bariatric surgery leads to improved glycemic control and potential remission of T2DM. Recently, studies have independently reported significant reductions in fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) in >80 percent of patients receiving bariatric surgery. Amelioration of T2DM commonly occurs within days to weeks of surgery even before substantial weight loss is observed. Finally, adverse cardiovascular events, usually associated with obesity and T2DM, were reduced after bariatric surgery compared to conventional therapies. Despite these phenomenal successes, the mechanisms governing the reversal of diabetes after bariatric surgery remains largely unknown.

Obesity, atherosclerotic plaque formation and the development of T2DM are all associated with heightened inflammation. Obesity involves increases in inflammatory immune cells (M1 macrophages) that are present during the remodeling of adipose tissue. In functional opposition to heightened immunity is the reparative role of tissue-specific stem cells. Central to all regenerative processes, stem cells can be found within every tissue in the body with the capacity to self-renew, and to generate new cell types that promote tissue maintenance or repair. In this capacity, stem cells can be considered "conductors of the orchestra" that co-ordinate the myriad cells and signals involved in the regenerative response. However, during chronic diseases such as T2DM, relentless inflammation and oxidative damage results in stem cell depletion and dysfunction, and the severity of injury overwhelms the capacity to respond. For example, adipose tissue contains a heterogenous mixture of stem and progenitor cells which are likely affected by the inflammation associated with obesity. Similarly, circulating hematopoietic and endothelial progenitor cells, involved in blood vessel maintenance and repair, show aberrant secretory and vessel formative functions that are negatively impacted by chronic hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. This concept termed "stem cell exhaustion" is becoming increasingly recognized during chronic diseases, as circulating stem and progenitor cell number and/or regenerative function is altered by the inflammatory environment within obesity/T2DM patients.

What remains unclear is whether reduced circulating stem cell number or aberrant regenerative function can be restored following bariatric surgery. The investigators have recently established novel methodologies to assess inflammatory status (M1 / M2 macrophage status) and circulating progenitor cell content and function by performing detailed flow cytometric analyses using aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH, a detoxification enzyme and conserved stem cell function) in combination with cell surface marker analyses. Notably, the investigators have shown that circulating progenitor cell content and inflammatory M1 macrophage content are increased in patients with T2DM compared to age-matched healthy controls. For the first time, the effectiveness of bariatric surgery at the cellular level can be evaluated and regenerative stem cell functions that impact obesity and T2DM can be explored. Elucidating the status of stem cells following bariatric surgery will provide insight into the likelihood of T2DM relapse or reverting to an obese state and provide a potential mechanism for the improvements in cardiovascular health. This study will be able to establish a relationship between the reversal of obesity, T2DM and adverse cardiovascular events with the restoration of regenerative stem cell associated with anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic function.

The investigators hypothesize that bariatric surgery will augment circulating, pro-vascular progenitor cell content and will reduce systemic inflammation via restoration of M1 / M2 macrophage balance.


Recruitment information / eligibility

Status Completed
Enrollment 38
Est. completion date August 13, 2019
Est. primary completion date June 25, 2019
Accepts healthy volunteers Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Gender All
Age group 19 Years to 60 Years
Eligibility Inclusion Criteria:

- Individuals undergoing bariatric surgery

- Must be able to provide two visits, before and after surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

- Unable to provide written consent

- Unable to provide two visits for blood collection

Study Design


Related Conditions & MeSH terms


Intervention

Procedure:
Bariatric (weight loss) surgery
Surgical intervention for weight reduction, whereby the stomach is resected and the gastrointestinal tract is rerouted in the case of Roux-en-y gastric bypass, or the stomach is only resected in the case of sleeve gastrectomy.

Locations

Country Name City State
Canada St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario

Sponsors (3)

Lead Sponsor Collaborator
St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto Humber River Hospital, University of Western Ontario, Canada

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Canada, 

References & Publications (29)

Adams TD, Davidson LE, Litwin SE, Kim J, Kolotkin RL, Nanjee MN, Gutierrez JM, Frogley SJ, Ibele AR, Brinton EA, Hopkins PN, McKinlay R, Simper SC, Hunt SC. Weight and Metabolic Outcomes 12 Years after Gastric Bypass. N Engl J Med. 2017 Sep 21;377(12):1143-1155. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1700459. — View Citation

Adler BJ, Kaushansky K, Rubin CT. Obesity-driven disruption of haematopoiesis and the bone marrow niche. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014 Dec;10(12):737-48. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.169. Epub 2014 Oct 14. Review. — View Citation

Baptista LS, Silva KR, Borojevic R. Obesity and weight loss could alter the properties of adipose stem cells? World J Stem Cells. 2015 Jan 26;7(1):165-73. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i1.165. Review. — View Citation

Benites BD, Gilli SC, Saad ST. Obesity and inflammation and the effect on the hematopoietic system. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 2014 Mar;36(2):147-51. doi: 10.5581/1516-8484.20140032. Review. — View Citation

Cawley J, Meyerhoefer C. The medical care costs of obesity: an instrumental variables approach. J Health Econ. 2012 Jan;31(1):219-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003. Epub 2011 Oct 20. — View Citation

El-Tantawy WH, Haleem EN. Therapeutic effects of stem cell on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and oxidative stress in alloxan-treated rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 2014 Jun;391(1-2):193-200. doi: 10.1007/s11010-014-2002-x. Epub 2014 Mar 7. — View Citation

Finkelstein EA, Trogdon JG, Cohen JW, Dietz W. Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: payer-and service-specific estimates. Health Aff (Millwood). 2009 Sep-Oct;28(5):w822-31. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.28.5.w822. Epub 2009 Jul 27. — View Citation

Flegal KM, Kruszon-Moran D, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Trends in Obesity Among Adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014. JAMA. 2016 Jun 7;315(21):2284-91. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.6458. — View Citation

Forsythe LK, Wallace JM, Livingstone MB. Obesity and inflammation: the effects of weight loss. Nutr Res Rev. 2008 Dec;21(2):117-33. doi: 10.1017/S0954422408138732. Review. — View Citation

Jialal I, Devaraj S, Singh U, Huet BA. Decreased number and impaired functionality of endothelial progenitor cells in subjects with metabolic syndrome: implications for increased cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis. 2010 Jul;211(1):297-302. doi: 10.1016/ — View Citation

Kahn SE, Hull RL, Utzschneider KM. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2006 Dec 14;444(7121):840-6. Review. — View Citation

Kashyap SR, Gatmaitan P, Brethauer S, Schauer P. Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes: weighing the impact for obese patients. Cleve Clin J Med. 2010 Jul;77(7):468-76. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.77a.09135. Review. — View Citation

Keidar A. Bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes reversal: the risks. Diabetes Care. 2011 May;34 Suppl 2:S361-266. doi: 10.2337/dc11-s254. — View Citation

Khan S, Rock K, Baskara A, Qu W, Nazzal M, Ortiz J. Trends in bariatric surgery from 2008 to 2012. Am J Surg. 2016 Jun;211(6):1041-6. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.10.012. Epub 2015 Dec 11. — View Citation

Kizil C, Kyritsis N, Brand M. Effects of inflammation on stem cells: together they strive? EMBO Rep. 2015 Apr;16(4):416-26. doi: 10.15252/embr.201439702. Epub 2015 Mar 4. Review. — View Citation

Mathieu P, Lemieux I, Després JP. Obesity, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Apr;87(4):407-16. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2009.311. Epub 2010 Mar 3. Review. — View Citation

Mulla CM, Middelbeek RJW, Patti ME. Mechanisms of weight loss and improved metabolism following bariatric surgery. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018 Jan;1411(1):53-64. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13409. Epub 2017 Sep 3. Review. — View Citation

Oh J, Lee YD, Wagers AJ. Stem cell aging: mechanisms, regulators and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Med. 2014 Aug;20(8):870-80. doi: 10.1038/nm.3651. Review. — View Citation

Ponce J, DeMaria EJ, Nguyen NT, Hutter M, Sudan R, Morton JM. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery estimation of bariatric surgery procedures in 2015 and surgeon workforce in the United States. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016 Nov;12(9):1637-1639. doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.08.488. Epub 2016 Aug 26. Review. — View Citation

Ponce J, Nguyen NT, Hutter M, Sudan R, Morton JM. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery estimation of bariatric surgery procedures in the United States, 2011-2014. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2015 Nov-Dec;11(6):1199-200. doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2015.08.496. Epub 2015 Aug 12. Review. — View Citation

Pories WJ, Swanson MS, MacDonald KG, Long SB, Morris PG, Brown BM, Barakat HA, deRamon RA, Israel G, Dolezal JM, et al. Who would have thought it? An operation proves to be the most effective therapy for adult-onset diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg. 1995 Sep;222(3):339-50; discussion 350-2. — View Citation

Romeo S, Maglio C, Burza MA, Pirazzi C, Sjöholm K, Jacobson P, Svensson PA, Peltonen M, Sjöström L, Carlsson LM. Cardiovascular events after bariatric surgery in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012 Dec;35(12):2613-7. doi: 10.2337/dc12-0193. Epub 2012 Aug 1. — View Citation

Schauer PR, Bhatt DL, Kirwan JP, Wolski K, Aminian A, Brethauer SA, Navaneethan SD, Singh RP, Pothier CE, Nissen SE, Kashyap SR; STAMPEDE Investigators. Bariatric Surgery versus Intensive Medical Therapy for Diabetes - 5-Year Outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2017 Feb 16;376(7):641-651. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1600869. — View Citation

Schauer PR, Burguera B, Ikramuddin S, Cottam D, Gourash W, Hamad G, Eid GM, Mattar S, Ramanathan R, Barinas-Mitchel E, Rao RH, Kuller L, Kelley D. Effect of laparoscopic Roux-en Y gastric bypass on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg. 2003 Oct;238(4):467-84; discussion 84-5. — View Citation

Seneviratne AK, Bell GI, Sherman SE, Cooper TT, Putman DM, Hess DA. Expanded Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Reselected for High Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Demonstrate Islet Regenerative Functions. Stem Cells. 2016 Apr;34(4):873-87. doi: 10.1002/stem. — View Citation

Sherman SE, Kuljanin M, Cooper TT, Putman DM, Lajoie GA, Hess DA. High Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Identifies a Subset of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells with Vascular Regenerative Potential. Stem Cells. 2017 Jun;35(6):1542-1553. doi: 10.1002/stem.261 — View Citation

Sjöström L, Peltonen M, Jacobson P, Sjöström CD, Karason K, Wedel H, Ahlin S, Anveden Å, Bengtsson C, Bergmark G, Bouchard C, Carlsson B, Dahlgren S, Karlsson J, Lindroos AK, Lönroth H, Narbro K, Näslund I, Olbers T, Svensson PA, Carlsson LM. Bariatric surgery and long-term cardiovascular events. JAMA. 2012 Jan 4;307(1):56-65. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1914. — View Citation

Stirban AO, Tschoepe D. Cardiovascular complications in diabetes: targets and interventions. Diabetes Care. 2008 Feb;31 Suppl 2:S215-21. doi: 10.2337/dc08-s257. Review. — View Citation

Wu CL, Diekman BO, Jain D, Guilak F. Diet-induced obesity alters the differentiation potential of stem cells isolated from bone marrow, adipose tissue and infrapatellar fat pad: the effects of free fatty acids. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013 Aug;37(8):1079-87. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2012.171. Epub 2012 Nov 20. — View Citation

* Note: There are 29 references in allClick here to view all references

Outcome

Type Measure Description Time frame Safety issue
Other Changes in the concentration of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers Baseline and after surgery, 3-4 months
Primary Change in the frequency of circulating cells with aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. Baseline and after surgery, 3-4 months
Secondary Change in the frequency of circulating cells with aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and cell surface marker expression. Baseline and after surgery, 3-4 months
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