Effects of Native Whey or Milk Supplementation on Adaptations to 12 Weeks of Strength Training in Young and Elderly

Healthy Clinical Trial

Official title:

Effects of Native Whey and Milk Supplementation on Changes in Muscle Mass and Strength After 12 Weeks of Strength Training in Young and Elderly

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT03033953
• Other study ID #: Tine 12wk
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• First received: January 19, 2017
• Last updated: January 24, 2017
• Start date: August 2014
• Est. completion date: November 2016

Study information

• Verified date: January 2017
• Source: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

The aim of this study is to investigate the long term adaptations to 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) weeks of strength training when supplemented with native whey or milk. The investigators hypothesize that native whey will give greater increases in muscle hypertrophy and strength than milk.

Description:

Increasing or maintaining muscle mass is of great importance for populations ranging from athletes to patients and elderly. Resistance exercise and protein ingestion are two of the most potent stimulators of muscle protein synthesis. Both the physical characteristic of proteins (e.g. different digestion rates of whey and casein) and the amino acid composition, affects the potential of a certain protein to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Given its superior ability to rapidly increase blood leucine concentrations to high levels, whey is often considered the most potent protein source to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Native whey protein is produced by filtration of unprocessed milk. Consequently, native whey has different characteristics than milk. Of special interest is the higher amounts of the highly anabolic amino acid leucine in native whey.

The higher levels of leucine can be of great interest for elderly individuals as some studies in elderly has shown an anabolic resistance to the effects of protein feeding and strength training. By increasing levels of leucine one might overcome this anabolic resistance in the elderly.

The aim of this double-blinded, randomized, partial cross-over study is to compare the changes in muscle hypertrophy and strength after a 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) week training intervention with daily supplementation of either 2x20g of native whey or milk proteins in young and elderly individuals. In order to explain potential differences between supplements an acute study investigating acute responses in blood amino acid concentrations and intracellular signalling is planned, in a subgroup of participants, before and after the training intervention.

The investigators hypothesize that native whey will induce greater muscle hypertrophy and strength gains than milk.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 66
• Est. completion date: November 2016
• Est. primary completion date: June 2015
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: All
• Age group: 20 Years and older

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Healthy in the sense that they can conduct training and testing

• Able to understand Norwegian language written and oral

• Between 20 and 45, or above 70 years of age

Exclusion Criteria:

• Diseases or injuries contraindicating participation

• Use of dietary supplements (e.g. proteins, vitamins and creatine)

• Lactose intolerance

• Allergy to milk

• Allergy towards local anesthetics (xylocain)

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Elderly
• Healthy
• Young

Intervention

Dietary Supplement:
• Native whey

• Milk

Other:
• Strength training

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Norway	Norwegian School of Sport Sciences	Oslo

Sponsors (3)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Norwegian School of Sport Sciences	The Research Council of Norway, Tine

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Norway, 

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Lean mass	Measured by whole body dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)	Before the training intervention
Primary	Lean mass	Measured by whole body dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)	After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Thigh muscle cross sectional area	Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	Before the training intervention
Secondary	Thigh muscle cross sectional area	Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Pectoralis muscle cross sectional area	Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	Before the training intervention
Secondary	Pectoralis muscle cross sectional area	Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Arm cross sectional area	Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	Before the training intervention
Secondary	Arm cross sectional area	Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Thickness of the lateral vasti	Measured by ultrasound	Before the training intervention
Secondary	Thickness of the lateral vasti	Measured by ultrasound	After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	1 repetition maximum in leg press		Before the training intervention
Secondary	1 repetition maximum in leg press		After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	1 repetition maximum in bench press		Before the training intervention
Secondary	1 repetition maximum in bench press		After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Ratio of phosphorylated to total ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1(P70S6K) change from baseline	Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot	30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Secondary	Ratio of phosphorylated to total ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1(P70S6K) change from baseline	Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot	30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) change from baseline	Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot	30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Secondary	Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) change from baseline	Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot	30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP-1) change from baseline	Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot	30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Secondary	Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP-1) change from baseline	Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot	30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Plasma amino acid concentration		60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Secondary	Plasma amino acid concentration		60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Muscle force generating capacity change from baseline	Measured as unilateral isometric knee extension force (Nm) with 90° in the hip and knee joints.	15 min before, 10 min, 2.5 hours and 24 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Secondary	Muscle force generating capacity change from baseline	Measured as unilateral isometric knee extension force (Nm) with 90° in the hip and knee joints.	15 min before, 10 min, 2.5 hours and 24 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Serum glucose		60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Secondary	Serum glucose		60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Serum insulin		60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Secondary	Serum insulin		60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Serum urea		60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Secondary	Serum urea		60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Serum creatine kinase		60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
Secondary	Serum creatine kinase		60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Tumor necrosis factor alfa messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Interleukin 6 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Interleukin 6 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Interleukin 6 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Interleukin 6 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Interleukin 8 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Interleukin 8 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Interleukin 8 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Interleukin 8 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Interleukin 1b mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Interleukin 1b mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Interleukin 1b mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Interleukin 1b mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Interleukin 4 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Interleukin 4 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Interleukin 4 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Interleukin 4 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Interleukin 10 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Interleukin 10 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Interleukin 10 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Interleukin 10 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Interleukin 17D mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Interleukin 17D mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Interleukin 17D mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Interleukin 17D mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Atrogin-1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Atrogin-1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Atrogin-1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Atrogin-1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Forkhead Box O3 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Forkhead Box O3 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Forkhead Box O3 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Forkhead Box O3 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Myosin Heavy Chain 1mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
Secondary	Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA		30 min after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Fasting cholesterol (only in elderly)		Before training intervention
Secondary	Fasting cholesterol (only in elderly)		After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Fasting triglycerides (only in elderly)		Before training intervention
Secondary	Fasting triglycerides (only in elderly)		After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Fasting LDL (only in elderly)		Before training intervention
Secondary	Fasting LDL (only in elderly)		After 11-12 weeks of strength training
Secondary	Fasting HDL (only in elderly)		Before training intervention
Secondary	Fasting HDL (only in elderly)		After 11-12 weeks of strength training