| Eligibility |
Inclusion Criteria:
1. =13 and =18 years old
2. Clinical diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus for at least 2 years as noted by the
following:
Criteria for documented hyperglycemia (at least 1 criterion must be met):
- Fasting glucose =126 mg/dL - confirmed
- Two-hour Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) =200 mg/dL - confirmed
- Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) =6.5% documented by history - confirmed
- Random glucose =200 mg/dL with symptoms
- No data at diagnosis is available but the participant has a convincing history of
hyperglycemia consistent with diabetes
Criteria for requiring insulin at diagnosis (at least 1 criterion must be met):
- Participant required insulin at diagnosis and continually thereafter
- Participant did not start insulin at diagnosis but upon investigator review
likely needed insulin (significant hyperglycemia that did not respond to oral
agents) and did require insulin eventually and used continually
- Participant did not start insulin at diagnosis but continued to be hyperglycemic,
had positive islet cell antibodies - consistent with Latent Autoimmune Diabetes
in Adults (LADA) and did require insulin eventually and used continually
3. Use of an insulin pump to treat his/her diabetes for at least 6 months
4. Actively using a carbohydrate (CHO) /insulin ratio for insulin bolus adjustments in
order to keep blood glucose in a predefined range
5. Tanner stage II or greater based on physician exam
6. HbA1c between <10.5% as measured with DCA2000 or equivalent device
7. Not currently known to be pregnant, breast feeding, or intending to become pregnant
(females)
8. Demonstration of proper mental status and cognition for the study
9. Willingness to avoid consumption of acetaminophen-containing products during the study
visits involving DexCom use
10. Self-reported behavior of snacking without insulin coverage or under bolus for meals
11. Willingness to consume a 30 grams snack without insulin coverage and willingness to
bolus 75 % of usual treatment for an 80 grams lunch during both admissions
12. Willingness to remove home CGM for admissions if the subject typically wears a CGM
13. Medication stability in the preceding two months if taking antihypertensive, thyroid,
anti-depressant or lipid lowering medication
14. Reported history of missed or inaccurate bolus treatments at meal time
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) within the 6 months prior to enrollment
2. In adherence with the One Touch Ultra 2 User Guide, subjects with hematocrit levels
below 30% or above 55% will be excluded. Severe hypoglycemia resulting in seizure or
loss of consciousness in the 12 months prior to enrollment
3. Pregnancy; breast feeding, or intention of becoming pregnant
4. Uncontrolled arterial hypertension (based on resting blood pressure > 95 percentile as
listed according to age and height percentile in the Harriet Lane Handbook of
Pediatrics)
5. Conditions which may increase the risk of hypoglycemia such as uncontrolled coronary
artery disease during the previous year (e.g. history of myocardial infarction, acute
coronary syndrome, therapeutic coronary intervention, coronary bypass or stenting
procedure, stable or unstable angina, episode of chest pain of cardiac etiology with
documented electrocardiogram (EKG) changes, or positive stress test or catheterization
with coronary blockages >50%), congestive heart failure, history of cerebrovascular
event, seizure disorder, syncope, adrenal insufficiency, neurologic disease or atrial
fibrillation
6. History of a systemic or deep tissue infection with methicillin-resistant staph aureus
or Candida albicans
7. History of arrythmia
8. Use of a device that may pose electromagnetic compatibility issues and/or
radiofrequency interference with the DexCom CGM (implantable
cardioverter-defibrillator, electronic pacemaker, neurostimulator, intrathecal pump,
and cochlear implants)
9. Anticoagulant therapy other than aspirin
10. Oral steroids
11. Medical condition requiring use of an acetaminophen-containing medication that cannot
be withheld for for 24 hours before CGM insertions until the end of each the study
admissions.
12. Psychiatric disorders that would interfere with study tasks (e.g. inpatient
psychiatric treatment within 6 months prior to enrollment)
13. Mental incapacity, unwillingness or language barriers precluding adequate
understanding or cooperation
14. Known current or recent alcohol or drug abuse
15. Medical conditions that would make operating a CGM, the DiAs cell phone, or insulin
pump difficult (e.g. blindness, severe arthritis, immobility)
16. Any skin condition that prevents sensor or pump placement on the abdomen or arm (e.g.
bad sunburn, pre-existing dermatitis, intertrigo, psoriasis, extensive scarring,
cellulitis)
17. Impaired hepatic function measured as alanine aminotransferase or aspartate
aminotransferase = three times the upper reference limit
18. Impaired renal function measured as creatinine >1.2 times above the upper limit of
normal
19. Uncontrolled microvascular (diabetic) complications (other than diabetic
non-proliferative retinopathy), such as history of laser coagulation, proliferative
diabetic retinopathy, known diabetic nephropathy (other than microalbuminuria with
normal creatinine) or neuropathy requiring treatment
20. Active gastroparesis requiring current medical therapy
21. Uncontrolled thyroid disease
22. Known bleeding diathesis or dyscrasia
23. Known allergy to medical adhesives, components of the insulin pump insertion set or
continuous glucose monitor sensor
24. Active enrollment in another clinical trial
25. Use of anti-diabetic agents other than continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
including long-acting insulin, intermediate-acting insulin, metformin, sulfonylureas,
meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors,
glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
26. Subjects with basal rates less than 0.01 units/hour
RESTRICTIONS ON USE OF OTHER DRUGS OR TREATMENTS
1. Use of anti-diabetic agents other than CSII including long-acting insulin,
intermediate-acting insulin, metformin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides,
thiazolidinediones, DPP-4, inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, and
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
2. Acetaminophen will be restricted 24 hours before the insertion of not be allowed while
the continuous glucose monitor is in use.
3. Medications that block symptoms of hypoglycemia, including but not limited to beta
blockers.
4. Subjects on amylin analogs will be asked to withhold the medication during the
outpatient admissions.
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