Mini-dose Esketamine-dexmedetomidine Supplemented Analgesia and Long-term Outcomes

Dexmedetomidine Clinical Trial

Official title:

Effect of Mini-dose Esketamine-dexmedetomidine Supplemented Analgesia on Long-term Outcomes Following Scoliosis Correction Surgery: 2-year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Active, not recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT05718544
• Other study ID #: 2023-017
• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Phase: Phase 4
• Start date: January 30, 2023
• Est. completion date: October 2024

Study information

• Verified date: February 2023
• Source: Peking University First Hospital
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) refers to pain that occurs or increases after surgery and lasts longer than 3 months. Severe postoperative acute pain is one of the major risk factors of CPSP. Spine surgery brings severe postoperative pain due to large trauma and long duration. Ketamine and esketamine are N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists; they have anti-hyperalgesic effects and may reduce CPSP. Dexmedetomidine is an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist with sedative, anxiolytic, and analgesic effect; it is frequently used as an adjuvant to postoperative analgesia. In a previous trial of the investigators, 200 patients following scoliosis correction surgery were randomzied to receive opioid analgsia supplemented with either mini-dose esketamine-dexmedetomidine combination or placebo. The results showed that esketamine-dexmedetomidine supplement analgesia significantly improved analgesia and sleep quality after surgery. This study is designed to test the hypothesis that mini-dose esketamine-dexmedetomidine supplemented analgesia may reduce CPSP at 2 years after scoliosis correction surgery.

Description:

Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) refers to pain that occurs or increases after surgery and lasts longer than 3 months. Pain can be limited to the surgical area or projected to the innervated area. The incidence of CPSP is about 10-50%, and the incidence of moderate to severe CPSP is as high as 11.8%. The risk factors of CPSP include severe postoperative acute pain, long duration surgery, and related nerve injury. Spine surgery brings severe lesion and postoperative pain due to large trauma and long duration, with a median pain score of 7 (interquaritle range, 4 to 8) on the first day after surgery. And the incidence of persistent pain is as high as 75%. Ketamine is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. NMDA receptors are located in the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system, responsible for the afferent of noxious stimuli. After nerve injury, the continuous activity and transmission of nociceptive signals up-regulates NMDA receptors in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, amplify the pain signal to the brain, which may be related to the pathogenesis of CPSP. Ketamine has anti-hyperalgesia effects and may reduce the occurrence of CPSP by blocking NMDA receptors. Esketamine is the S-enantiomer of racemic ketamine with stronger analgesic effect and lower incidence of adverse reactions. In previous studies, opioid-dependent patients who received low-dose ketamine/esketamine infusion during the perioperative period had decreased pain scores and opioid requirement at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery. However, results of patients without opioid dependence are controversial. In addition, ketamine/esketamine are approved for refractory depression. There is a significant correlation between anxiety/depression and chronic pain. This may also be one of the mechanisms in preventing CPSP. Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective α2 receptor agonist with sedative, anxiolytic, and analgesic effects. It can improve analgesic effect, reduce opioid consumption, and reduce opioid-related adverse reactions when used in the perioperative period. Meanwhile, dexmedetomidine can prolong total sleep time, improve sleep efficiency, and increase subjective sleep quality, possibly by activating the endogenous sleep pathway. The sedative effect of dexmedetomidine may help to reduce the psychiatric adverse reactions of ketamine. However, data is lacking regarding the effect of dexmedetomidine on chronic postsurgical pain. In a previous trial of the investigators, 200 patients following scoliosis correction surgery were randomzied to receive opioid analgsia supplemented with either mini-dose esketamine-dexmedetomidine combination or placebo. The results showed that esketamine-dexmedetomidine supplement analgesia significantly reduced the incidence of moderate and severe pain and improved the quality of sleep during the perioperative period; adverse reactions were not significantly increased (unpublished data). This study is designed to test the hypothesis that mini-dose esketamine-dexmedetomidine supplemented analgesia may reduce CPSP at 2 years after scoliosis correction surgery.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Enrollment: 199
• Est. completion date: October 2024
• Est. primary completion date: September 2024
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years and older

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients aged =18 years;
• Scheduled for scoliosis correction surgery;
• Required patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) after surgery.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Preoperative sick sinus syndrome, severe sinus bradycardia (heart rate <50 beats per minute), atrioventricular block grade II or above without pacemaker, congenital heart disease, arrhythmia, or other serious cardiovascular diseases with a New York Heart Association class =III;
• Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, or a STOP-Bang score =3 in combination with a serum bicarbonate level =28 mmol/L;
• Comorbid hyperthyroidism or pheochromocytoma;
• History of schizophrenia, epilepsy, myasthenia gravis;
• Preoperative delirium or communication barrier;
• Severe liver dysfunction (Child-Pugh grade C), severe renal dysfunction (preoperative dialysis), or American Society of Anaesthesiologists grade =IV;
• Body weight <40 kg;
• Enrolled in other clinical studies;
• Loss to follow-up;
• Other conditions that were considered unsuitable for study participation.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Chronic Postsurgical Pain
• Dexmedetomidine
• Esketamine
• Pain, Postoperative
• Postoperative Analgesia
• Scoliosis
• Scoliosis Correction

Intervention

Drug:
• Esketamine
Esketamine 50 mg is included in the mixture for patient-controlled analgesia.
• Dexmedetomidine
Dexmedetomidine 200 microgram is included in the mixture for patient-controlled analgesia.
• Sufentanil
Sufentanil 4 microgram/kg (maximum 250 microgram) is included in the mixture for patient-controlled analgesia.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
China	Peking University First Hospital	Beijing	Beijing

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Peking University First Hospital

Country where clinical trial is conducted

China, 

References & Publications (26)

Agarwal D, Chahar P, Chmiela M, Sagir A, Kim A, Malik F, Farag E. Multimodal Analgesia for Perioperative Management of Patients presenting for Spinal Surgery. Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25(19):2123-2132. doi: 10.2174/1381612825666190708174639. — View Citation

Bartova L, Papageorgiou K, Milenkovic I, Dold M, Weidenauer A, Willeit M, Winkler D, Kasper S. Rapid antidepressant effect of S-ketamine in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018 Aug;28(8):980-982. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.05.007. Epub 2018 Jul 2. — View Citation

Canuso CM, Singh JB, Fedgchin M, Alphs L, Lane R, Lim P, Pinter C, Hough D, Sanacora G, Manji H, Drevets WC. Efficacy and Safety of Intranasal Esketamine for the Rapid Reduction of Symptoms of Depression and Suicidality in Patients at Imminent Risk for Suicide: Results of a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2018 Jul 1;175(7):620-630. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17060720. Epub 2018 Apr 16. — View Citation

Carley ME, Chaparro LE, Choiniere M, Kehlet H, Moore RA, Van Den Kerkhof E, Gilron I. Pharmacotherapy for the Prevention of Chronic Pain after Surgery in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Anesthesiology. 2021 Aug 1;135(2):304-325. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000003837. — View Citation

Cheung KM, Senkoylu A, Alanay A, Genc Y, Lau S, Luk KD. Reliability and concurrent validity of the adapted Chinese version of Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22) questionnaire. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007 May 1;32(10):1141-5. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000261562.48888.e3. — View Citation

Dunn LK, Yerra S, Fang S, Hanak MF, Leibowitz MK, Tsang S, Durieux ME, Nemergut EC, Naik BI. Incidence and Risk Factors for Chronic Postoperative Opioid Use After Major Spine Surgery: A Cross-Sectional Study With Longitudinal Outcome. Anesth Analg. 2018 Jul;127(1):247-254. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000003338. — View Citation

Fletcher D, Stamer UM, Pogatzki-Zahn E, Zaslansky R, Tanase NV, Perruchoud C, Kranke P, Komann M, Lehman T, Meissner W; euCPSP group for the Clinical Trial Network group of the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Chronic postsurgical pain in Europe: An observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2015 Oct;32(10):725-34. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000319. — View Citation

Gerbershagen HJ, Aduckathil S, van Wijck AJ, Peelen LM, Kalkman CJ, Meissner W. Pain intensity on the first day after surgery: a prospective cohort study comparing 179 surgical procedures. Anesthesiology. 2013 Apr;118(4):934-44. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31828866b3. — View Citation

Giusti EM, Lacerenza M, Gabrielli S, Manzoni GM, Manna C, D'Amario F, Marcacci M, Castelnuovo G. Psychological factors and trajectories of post-surgical pain: A longitudinal prospective study. Pain Pract. 2022 Feb;22(2):159-170. doi: 10.1111/papr.13074. Epub 2021 Sep 25. Erratum In: Pain Pract. 2022 Nov;22(8):757. — View Citation

Hong H, Zhang DZ, Li M, Wang G, Zhu SN, Zhang Y, Wang DX, Sessler DI. Impact of dexmedetomidine supplemented analgesia on delirium in patients recovering from orthopedic surgery: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2021 Sep 13;21(1):223. doi: 10.1186/s12871-021-01441-3. — View Citation

Hu ZC, Xu G, Zhang XW, Ma K, Jin JJ, Li PS. [Meta-analysis of the effects of dexmedetomidine combined with ketamine during dressing changes in burn patients]. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi. 2020 Jun 20;36(6):458-464. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501120-20190327-00145. Chinese. — View Citation

Hussain A, Erdek M. Interventional pain management for failed back surgery syndrome. Pain Pract. 2014 Jan;14(1):64-78. doi: 10.1111/papr.12035. Epub 2013 Feb 3. — View Citation

Lee KH, Lee SJ, Park JH, Kim SH, Lee H, Oh DS, Kim YH, Park YH, Kim H, Lee SE. Analgesia for spinal anesthesia positioning in elderly patients with proximal femoral fractures: Dexmedetomidine-ketamine versus dexmedetomidine-fentanyl. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 May;99(20):e20001. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000020001. — View Citation

Leider HL, Dhaliwal J, Davis EJ, Kulakodlu M, Buikema AR. Healthcare costs and nonadherence among chronic opioid users. Am J Manag Care. 2011 Jan;17(1):32-40. — View Citation

Li M, Wang CF, Gu SX, He SS, Zhu XD, Zhao YC, Zhang JT. Adapted simplified Chinese (mainland) version of Scoliosis Research Society-22 questionnaire. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 May 20;34(12):1321-4. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31819812b7. — View Citation

Loftus RW, Yeager MP, Clark JA, Brown JR, Abdu WA, Sengupta DK, Beach ML. Intraoperative ketamine reduces perioperative opiate consumption in opiate-dependent patients with chronic back pain undergoing back surgery. Anesthesiology. 2010 Sep;113(3):639-46. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181e90914. — View Citation

Molero P, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Martin-Santos R, Calvo-Sanchez E, Gutierrez-Rojas L, Meana JJ. Antidepressant Efficacy and Tolerability of Ketamine and Esketamine: A Critical Review. CNS Drugs. 2018 May;32(5):411-420. doi: 10.1007/s40263-018-0519-3. — View Citation

Nielsen RV, Fomsgaard JS, Nikolajsen L, Dahl JB, Mathiesen O. Intraoperative S-ketamine for the reduction of opioid consumption and pain one year after spine surgery: A randomized clinical trial of opioid-dependent patients. Eur J Pain. 2019 Mar;23(3):455-460. doi: 10.1002/ejp.1317. Epub 2018 Oct 14. — View Citation

Nielsen RV, Fomsgaard JS, Siegel H, Martusevicius R, Nikolajsen L, Dahl JB, Mathiesen O. Intraoperative ketamine reduces immediate postoperative opioid consumption after spinal fusion surgery in chronic pain patients with opioid dependency: a randomized, blinded trial. Pain. 2017 Mar;158(3):463-470. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000782. — View Citation

Nielsen RV. Adjuvant analgesics for spine surgery. Dan Med J. 2018 Mar;65(3):B5468. — View Citation

Peng K, Zhang J, Meng XW, Liu HY, Ji FH. Optimization of Postoperative Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia with Opioid-Dexmedetomidine Combinations: An Updated Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Pain Physician. 2017 Nov;20(7):569-596. — View Citation

Segmiller F, Ruther T, Linhardt A, Padberg F, Berger M, Pogarell O, Moller HJ, Kohler C, Schule C. Repeated S-ketamine infusions in therapy resistant depression: a case series. J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Sep;53(9):996-8. doi: 10.1002/jcph.122. Epub 2013 Jul 24. No abstract available. — View Citation

Willis DE, Goldstein PA. Targeting Affective Mood Disorders With Ketamine to Prevent Chronic Postsurgical Pain. Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2022 Jun 27;3:872696. doi: 10.3389/fpain.2022.872696. eCollection 2022. — View Citation

Wu XH, Cui F, Zhang C, Meng ZT, Wang DX, Ma J, Wang GF, Zhu SN, Ma D. Low-dose Dexmedetomidine Improves Sleep Quality Pattern in Elderly Patients after Noncardiac Surgery in the Intensive Care Unit: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesiology. 2016 Nov;125(5):979-991. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001325. — View Citation

Wylde V, Dennis J, Beswick AD, Bruce J, Eccleston C, Howells N, Peters TJ, Gooberman-Hill R. Systematic review of management of chronic pain after surgery. Br J Surg. 2017 Sep;104(10):1293-1306. doi: 10.1002/bjs.10601. Epub 2017 Jul 6. — View Citation

Zhang ZF, Su X, Zhao Y, Zhong CL, Mo XQ, Zhang R, Wang K, Zhu SN, Shen YE, Zhang C, Wang DX. Effect of mini-dose dexmedetomidine supplemented intravenous analgesia on sleep structure in older patients after major noncardiac surgery: A randomized trial. Sleep Med. 2022 Dec 20;102:9-18. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.12.006. Online ahead of print. — View Citation

* Note: There are 26 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Incidence of chronic postsurgical pain at 2 years after surgery	Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) is defined as pain persisted for at least three months after surgery, that is not present before surgery or that has different characteristics, and other possible causes of the pain are excluded (e.g., cancer recurrence, infection).	At 2 years after surgery
Secondary	Severity of chronic pain at 2 years after surgery	Severity of chronic pain is assessed with the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). The BPI gives two main scores: a pain severity score and a pain interference score. The pain severity score is calculated from the four items about pain intensity. Each item is rated from 0, no pain, to 10, pain as bad as you can imagine, and contributes with the same weight to the final score, ranging from 0 to 40.	At 2 years after surgery
Secondary	Interference of chronic pain at 2 years after surgery	Interference of chronic pain is assessed with the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). The BPI gives two main scores: a pain severity score and a pain interference score. The pain interference score corresponds to the item on pain interference. The seven subitems are rated from 0, does not interfere, to 10, completely interferes, and contributes with the same weight to the final score, ranging from 0 to 70.	At 2 years after surgery
Secondary	Proportion of chronic analgesic use after surgery	Chronic analgesic use is defined as consecutive use of analgesics for more than 3 months.	Up to 2 years after surgery
Secondary	Proportion of analgesic use at 2 years after surgery	Proportion of analgesic use at 2 years after surgery (consecutive use of analgesics for more than 1 week within 3 months).	At 2 years after surgery
Secondary	Subjective sleep quality at 2 years after surgery	Subjective sleep quality at 2 years is assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). PSQI is a 7-item questionnaire consisting 19 self-rated questions that assesses sleep quality over the last month, each weighted equally on a 0-3 scale; higher scores indicate worse sleep quality.	At 2 years after surgery
Secondary	Depression severity at 2 years after surgery	Depression is assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The PHQ-9 includes 9-item requiring responses of 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day) to assess the occurrence of depressive symptoms over the last two weeks. It has 8 items on depressive symptoms and 1 focused on suicidal ideation. Total scores range from 0 to 27, with higher score indicating more severe symptoms.	At 2 years after surgery
Secondary	Quality of life at 2 years after surgery	Quality of life is assessed using the Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22) patient questionnaire, which consists of five domains: function, pain, mental health, self-image, and satisfaction with management.	At 2 years after surgery
Secondary	Event-free survival	Event indicates any condition that requires hospitalization and clinical treatment for unexpected reasons.	Up to 2 years after surgery