Gastric Ultrasound in Pediatric Trauma Patients

Aspiration Clinical Trial

Official title:

Evaluation of Gastric Contents by Ultrasound in Pediatric Trauma Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT05330351
• Other study ID #: 21-019564
• Status: Recruiting
• Start date: March 26, 2022
• Est. completion date: January 30, 2025

Study information

• Verified date: January 2024
• Source: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
• Contact: Elaina Lin, MD
• Phone: 215-590-1000
• Email: line1[@]chop.edu
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Observational

Clinical Trial Summary

Gastric ultrasound has become increasingly utilized to examine volume and quality of gastric contents in the preoperative setting to guide anesthetic management and relay risk of aspiration in both adult and pediatric medicine. Gastric fluid volumes in trauma patients are thought to be elevated due to delayed gastric emptying in the setting of an over-attenuated sympathetic response to physical pain and stress, opioid analgesia, and other associated injuries (traumatic brain). However, there is a paucity of literature examining gastric fluid volumes (GFV), measured by gastric ultrasound, in the pediatric trauma population. The purpose of the study is to assess whether preoperative gastric ultrasound is an accurate method to identify pediatric trauma patients who have elevated GFV (>0.8mL/kg) and high-risk gastric contents (solids, complex liquids, in addition to large volumes).

Description:

There is longstanding evidence that GFV are elevated in trauma patients for several physiologic reasons. This has been corroborated in both adult and pediatric studies, suggesting that trauma patients may be at higher risk for gastric aspiration compared to healthy controls, and that anesthetic management should reflect this elevated risk. This often implies tracheal intubation with or without a rapid sequence induction. However, performing rapid sequence induction to decrease aspiration risk increases the risk of desaturation, hypoxia, bradycardia, and hemodynamic instability, especially in small children who have reduced functional residual capacity and who are difficult to adequately preoxygenate. This has presented a question-mark for anesthesia providers caring for children with traumatic injuries, and variations in practice. Bricker and authors examined gastric fluid volumes by aspiration of gastric contents in 1989 in pediatric trauma patients, and found that nearly 50% had elevated gastric contents and were at risk for potential aspiration, though no aspiration events were captured. Likewise, Schurizek and authors looked a cohort of pediatric patients presenting for emergency surgery, which included trauma, and found the nearly 38% of children presenting to the OR who had adequately fasted had elevated gastric contents. A recent study using gastric ultrasound in children with proximal limb fractures found a similar rate of elevated gastric contents with 37% of children meeting criteria, and 24% of those showing evidence of solids/complex gastric fluid. Again, no aspiration events were captured. Thus, little is known to inform anesthesiologists about which risk factors contribute to high gastric volumes in pediatric trauma patients or how long these children may be considered at additional risk for aspiration. Aspiration is an extremely rare event, typically estimated between 1-5/10,000 anesthetics or 0.01%, and the sample size needed to power a study to capture reducing the risk of aspiration is not feasible. Thus, the investigators hope to characterize gastric contents/GFV using ultrasound in pediatric trauma patients presenting with a wide variety of traumatic injury and at varying times from injury (urgent/emergent surgery versus semi-urgent surgery), to identify potential risk factors and guide anesthetic management in this vulnerable population.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Recruiting
• Enrollment: 40
• Est. completion date: January 30, 2025
• Est. primary completion date: August 31, 2024
• Gender: All
• Age group: 0 Years to 17 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Pediatric patients ages 0-17 years-old
• Patients suffering from a traumatic injury requiring urgent or emergent surgery.
• Inpatient or Same-Day Surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

• Children with altered or abnormal gastric physiology, ie, history of Nissen Fundoplication, history of short-gut syndrome, history of bariatric surgery/gastric sleeve, history of gastroparesis or functional dysmotility, etc.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Aspiration
• Trauma; Complications
• Wounds and Injuries

Intervention

Diagnostic Test:
• Gastric Ultrasound
The investigators will compare gastric fluid volume as determined by ultrasound pre-induction vs. gastric volume aspirated via an orogastric tube post-intubation. The results will be stratified into low risk, moderate risk and high risk for aspiration based on ultrasound exam by an investigator off-line.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	Children's Hospital of Philadelphia	Philadelphia	Pennsylvania

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (11)

Bricker SR, McLuckie A, Nightingale DA. Gastric aspirates after trauma in children. Anaesthesia. 1989 Sep;44(9):721-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1989.tb09255.x. — View Citation

Cook-Sather SD, Liacouras CA, Previte JP, Markakis DA, Schreiner MS. Gastric fluid measurement by blind aspiration in paediatric patients: a gastroscopic evaluation. Can J Anaesth. 1997 Feb;44(2):168-72. doi: 10.1007/BF03013006. — View Citation

Cook-Sather SD, Tulloch HV, Cnaan A, Nicolson SC, Cubina ML, Gallagher PR, Schreiner MS. A comparison of awake versus paralyzed tracheal intubation for infants with pyloric stenosis. Anesth Analg. 1998 May;86(5):945-51. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199805000-00006. — View Citation

Evain JN, Durand Z, Dilworth K, Sintzel S, Courvoisier A, Mortamet G, Desgranges FP, Bouvet L, Payen JF. Assessing gastric contents in children before general anesthesia for acute extremity fracture: An ultrasound observational cohort study. J Clin Anesth. 2022 May;77:110598. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2021.110598. Epub 2021 Nov 18. — View Citation

Hardman JG, O'Connor PJ. Predicting gastric contents following trauma: an evaluation of current practice. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1999 Jun;16(6):404-9. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2346.1999.00513.x. — View Citation

Power I, Easton JC, Todd JG, Nimmo WS. Gastric emptying after head injury. Anaesthesia. 1989 Jul;44(7):563-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1989.tb11442.x. — View Citation

Raidoo DM, Rocke DA, Brock-Utne JG, Marszalek A, Engelbrecht HE. Critical volume for pulmonary acid aspiration: reappraisal in a primate model. Br J Anaesth. 1990 Aug;65(2):248-50. doi: 10.1093/bja/65.2.248. — View Citation

Schmitz A, Schmidt AR, Buehler PK, Schraner T, Fruhauf M, Weiss M, Klaghofer R, Kellenberger CJ. Gastric ultrasound as a preoperative bedside test for residual gastric contents volume in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2016 Dec;26(12):1157-1164. doi: 10.1111/pan.12993. Epub 2016 Aug 20. — View Citation

Schurizek BA, Rybro L, Boggild-Madsen NB, Juhl B. Gastric volume and pH in children for emergency surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1986 Jul;30(5):404-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1986.tb02439.x. — View Citation

Spencer AO, Walker AM, Yeung AK, Lardner DR, Yee K, Mulvey JM, Perlas A. Ultrasound assessment of gastric volume in the fasted pediatric patient undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: development of a predictive model using endoscopically suctioned volumes. Paediatr Anaesth. 2015 Mar;25(3):301-8. doi: 10.1111/pan.12581. Epub 2014 Dec 11. — View Citation

Warner MA, Meyerhoff KL, Warner ME, Posner KL, Stephens L, Domino KB. Pulmonary Aspiration of Gastric Contents: A Closed Claims Analysis. Anesthesiology. 2021 Aug 1;135(2):284-291. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000003831. — View Citation

* Note: There are 11 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Gastric fluid volume (GFV)	GFV will be estimated via obtained gastric antral cross-sectional area (CSA), measured by ultrasound, and calculated using the formula: GSV= 0.0093 * CSA [mm2] - 0.96. This calculated GFV will be compared to aspirated gastric volumes.	GFV will be measured immediately prior to induction of general anesthesia within the operating room.
Secondary	Airway management patterns	We will also collect data on airway management patterns in pediatric trauma patients (rapid-sequence induction, laryngeal mask airway, etc).	This data will be collected up to 1 year.
Secondary	Aspiration	Number of patients with aspiration intraoperatively.	This data will be collected up to 1 year.