View clinical trials related to Substance-Related Disorders.
Filter by:Background: - Cocaine affects the brain's ability to process information. However, different people respond to cocaine in different ways, and differences in brain structure and function may affect how cocaine alters brain activity. By using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to monitor brain activity during tasks that provide simple rewards, researchers hope to better understand how the brain responds to rewards and how this response is affected by drugs like cocaine. Objectives: - To determine the effect of cocaine administration on the reward experience in cocaine-dependent individuals. - To study genetic and personality factors that may contribute to cocaine dependence. Eligibility: - Individuals between 18 and 45 years of age who either are cocaine-dependent and not seeking treatment or are healthy volunteers. Design: - Participants will be asked to avoid consuming alcohol and restrict consumption of caffeine prior to the study. Participants provide urine and breath samples to be tested for chemicals that may interfere with the study. - All participants will complete a training session and at least one fMRI scanning session. During the training session, participants will be introduced to the reward tasks and MRI equipment. - Healthy volunteers will have a single fMRI session that will involve reward tasks to be completed during the scanning. Rewards will include small amounts of fruit juice and the opportunity to win money. - Cocaine-dependent participants will have a training session and three experimental sessions including 1) a mock MRI scan to test cocaine tolerance, 2) one fMRI scan with reward tasks after administration of IV cocaine, and 3) one fMRI scan with reward tasks after administration of IV placebo (saline solution). Rewards will include small amounts of fruit juice and the opportunity to win money. - In addition to the scans, participants will provide a blood sample for further study and will answer questionnaires provided by the researchers.
The proposed study will evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics of repeated oral doses of GSK618334 in healthy male and female volunteers.
Background: - New research on genetics and the human genome has helped to identify certain genes that affect specific parts of the brain, including the parts that may be involved in drug use and dependency. Researchers are interested in studying both genetic information and brain activity to better understand variations in brain function among individuals. Objectives: - To study brain activity in conjunction with specific genetic information provided by healthy volunteers including smokers, non-smokers, people with drug dependence, and those who do not have any dependence on any substance. Eligibility: - Healthy volunteers between 18 and 50 years of age. Design: - This is an 8 10 hour study which may be completed in 1, 2, or 3 visits. - Participants will complete questionnaires about emotional and psychological responses to different situations, including stressful situations. - Participants will have a training session in a mock (fake) scanner to practice tasks to be completed in the real scanner. - Participants will have the following two types of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in one scan session of the brain: - A structural MRI scan to provide basic information about each participant's brain. - A functional MRI scanning session, in which participants will perform a memory task to provide information about brain activity. - Participants will provide blood samples for research and testing....
Background: - Relapse following cigarette abstinence remains a common problem for smokers who are attempting to quit. Most research has focused on the acute withdrawal phase that occurs within the first 48 hours to 1 week after quitting; however, more information is needed on the experiences of smokers in longer durations of abstinence. Objectives: - To study the effects of long-term smoking abstinence. - To study the effects of cigarette-related cues on craving in longer periods of smoking abstinence. Eligibility: - Individuals at least 18 years of age who are current smokers (at least 10 cigarettes per day) and who want to quit but are not currently attempting to quit. Design: - Participants will be randomly assigned to abstain from all nicotine use for 7, 14, or 35 days. A fourth group of participants will also abstain for 35 days, but will undergo more testing sessions than the other groups. - All participants will have an initial orientation session in which they will complete questionnaires about their smoking habits and will respond to smoking-related cues to provide information about their cravings. - Participants will visit the clinic daily during their abstinence period, and provide urine and breath samples to test for tobacco use. Participants will receive compensation for every day that they do not use tobacco. - On the end day of the abstinence period, participants will return to the clinic, provide urine and breath samples, and undergo testing of their responses to smoking-related cues. Participants in the fourth group will have these tests on Days 7, 14, and 35 of abstinence; other participants will have the tests only once, at the end of their abstinence period. - After the required abstinence period, participants will enter a 5-day step-down period. They will continue to report to the clinic for breath and urine testing, and they will receive payments for abstinence that decrease in value across days. - After the step-down period, for the final 12 days of the study, participants will report to the clinic every 3 days to give urine and breath samples and to report the number of cigarettes smoked.
Background: - Many cigarette smokers claim that smoking helps them stay alert and improves their concentration, and have reported problems in attention and concentration after quitting smoking. Some research has indicated that nicotine can enhance certain aspects of attention and memory in humans. However, more research is needed to determine how nicotine affects different elements of the brain's ability to pay attention. Knowing which aspects of attention are affected by nicotine may help produce new medications and therapies to help people successfully stop smoking. Objectives: - To investigate the dose-related effects of nicotine on the ability to pay attention in smokers and nonsmokers. - To compare the effects of nicotine in smokers and nonsmokers. Eligibility: - Individuals between 18 and 50 years of age who are either current smokers (at least 15 cigarettes per day on average for at least 2 years) or healthy, nonsmoking volunteers. Design: - The study will consist of one training session and three testing sessions. Each session will last about 2 hours. - The training session will introduce participants to the study tests and evaluate their tolerance of the two levels of nicotine nasal spray used in the study. Smokers will receive the higher dose of nicotine to introduce them to the effects of the spray. Nonsmokers will be given first the lower dose of the spray, followed by higher dose at least 30 minutes later. Nonsmoking participants who cannot tolerate the higher dose will not continue in the study. - At the start of each testing session, smokers will have one cigarette to standardize the time of the most recent exposure to nicotine. - During the testing sessions, participants will receive a placebo spray, a lower dose of nicotine, or a higher dose of nicotine, and then will be asked to perform tests that evaluate mood, attention, and performance.
Drug use (DU) is a major risk factor for HIV infection in many regions of the world. However, as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been rolled out in South and South East Asia, less than 2% of individuals initiated on HAART were drug users (DUs) or former DUs, despite the fact that approximately 20% of HIV infections in the region are ascribed to DU. India is home to about 2.4 million HIV-infected individuals. Though, injection drug users contribute to only about 3% of all HIV infections in India; it is estimated that there are between 168,000 and 1.1 million DUs in India with HIV prevalence about 30%. Novel approaches are needed to engage disenfranchised populations in HIV care in lower and middle income countries, where the burden of HIV disease is growing. Incentive-based strategies (or contingency management) have been shown to be effective in reducing illicit drug use, smoking cessation, and weight loss. Short-term pilot studies have also shown that incentive-based strategies can improve electronically-monitored rates of adherence to HAART in the US, and a recent study in Africa showed that a small incentive approximately doubled the rate that individuals returned to learn the results of their HIV test. However, to date there is no experience with the use of incentive-based interventions to improve engagement into care and risk-reduction among out-of-care HIV-infected DUs in developing world settings. The investigators propose to conduct pilot randomized trial comparing a voucher incentive strategy to a control condition to improve engagement in HIV care and HIV treatment outcomes among out-of-care, treatment-eligible, HIV-infected DUs in Chennai, India. Subjects in the incentive arm will be eligible to earn incentive vouchers for 1) initiating HAART at a government-sanctioned HIV treatment clinic, 2) adherence to scheduled follow-up visits at the HIV clinic, and 3) achieving suppression of HIV RNA. Subjects will be enrolled from a mature research venue in Chennai, YR Gaitonde Centre for Substance Abuse-related Research (YRGCSAR), which focuses the epidemiology and natural history of HIV in DUs. Preliminary data from this pilot study will be used to inform the design of a phase-III study.
Background: - The National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) is interested in developing a pool of potential research participants who may be eligible for research studies on drug abuse and addiction, pharmacological and psychosocial therapies for substance addiction, drug abuse and co-occurring psychiatric disorders, and the long-term effects of drugs on the development, function, and structure of the brain and other organ systems. To develop this pool of potential participants, researchers intend to screen individuals who may be eligible for future research studies. Objectives: - To identify, recruit, and screen participants for NIDA collaborative research protocols. Eligibility: - Individuals 18 years of age and older who are able to provide informed consent. Design: - Eligible participants will undergo two screening interviews: a telephone interview and an in-person interview. The phone interview will determine eligibility for the in-person interview. - The in-person interview, which may require up to five visits to the clinical center, will involve any or all of the following procedures: (1) full physical examination and medical history; (2) psychiatric interview; (3) psychological testing; (4) electrocardiogram; (5) samples of blood, urine, and hair; and (6) other minimally invasive procedures as directed by the research staff. - Participants will provide a photograph for confirmation of identity for subsequent visits and protocols. - No clinical care will be provided under this protocol.
Purpose: To conduct a pilot study of a cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for PTSD and substance abuse among persons with serious mental illness (SMI) treated in a community setting. Participants: Participants will be 50 volunteer adult individuals with PTSD and substance use disorders (SUD), and SMI who are receiving services at the Freedom House Recovery Center, served through the Orange Person Chatham (OPC) Area Program. Procedures (methods): Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two conditions: 1) the CBT intervention plus treatment as usual; or, 2) treatment as usual.
Patients in substance abuse treatment smoke four times more than non-substance abusers, and suffer high rates of tobacco-related disease and death. While many quit smoking treatments exist that have been shown to help non-substance abusers quit smoking, little is known about what treatments work for patients in substance abuse treatment. The drug varenicline (Chantix) has been shown to be more effective at helping people quit smoking than nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion or placebo. However, varenicline has not yet been studied in patients in substance abuse treatment. The study aims to evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness and safety of varenicline, in combination with counseling, in methadone maintained smokers. It also aims to evaluate the link between quitting smoking and alcohol and illicit drug use in methadone maintained smokers. We hypothesize that participants receiving varenicline will have higher abstinence from smoking than participants receiving placebo and that participants taking varenicline will not have significantly more adverse reactions than were described in the general population in other studies. We also hypothesize that compared to continued smokers, tobacco abstainers will be more likely to be abstinent from alcohol or illicit drugs.
Background: - Recent research has suggested that prenatal exposure to drugs may affect specific brain processes, including working memory, stress response, and decision making. However, most of the research on the effects of prenatal drug exposure in humans has been conducted early in life, and very little is known about effects of prenatal drug exposure during the crucial brain development period that takes place during puberty and adolescence. The biological and psychological changes associated with puberty may increase adolescents' sensitivity to prenatal substance exposure. Researchers are interested in using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans to study brain function and learn more about the effects of prenatal drug exposure on adolescents. Objectives: - To examine the effects of prenatal substance exposure on working memory, decision making, and normal brain activity in adolescents. Eligibility: - Adolescents between 12 and 17 years of age who are enrolled in a larger follow-up study of children exposed to drugs in utero. Design: - The study will involve a single outpatient session with two fMRI scans that will test working memory and decision-making processes. - Participants will have brief medical history, a physical examination, and a urine test for drugs of abuse. - Participants will then be trained on the working memory and decision-making tasks before having an initial MRI scan to provide a baseline reading. - The fMRI scans will take 40 to 45 minutes each, and participants will have break in between as needed.