Outcome
| Type |
Measure |
Description |
Time frame |
Safety issue |
| Other |
Qualitative questions post-intervention |
A semi-structured interview will be conducted with both clinicians and participants after the intervention. This interview will centre around the themes of subjective experiences of the therapy, subjective experiences of change, mechanisms of change and useful versus less useful aspects of therapy. |
Interview will be done after participants have completed the therapy intervention (an average of 6 months after study commencement). Trial therapists will be interviewed once their study interventions are completed with trial participants. |
|
| Primary |
Session by session change in positive symptoms as measured by the The Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS, Haddock et al.,1999). |
The PSYRATS is a widely used measure including 17 items assessing different dimensions of delusions and auditory hallucinations that include distress, loudness, conviction, frequency, disruption to life and preoccupation. Each dimension is rated on a 0-4 point scale, with scores on the auditory hallucination subscale (11 items) ranging from 0-44 and scores on the delusion subscale (6 items) ranging from 0-24. Higher scores indicate greater symptom severity. |
Administered weekly 4 weeks prior to therapy start, weekly after each therapy session (maximum 20 sessions) and weekly for 4 weeks after therapy intervention has been completed as well as 12 weeks follow-up after intervention completion. |
|
| Primary |
Session by session change in cognitive biases measured by Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scales (DACOBS: van der Gaag et al., 2013). |
This scale consists of 42 statements relating to seven (six-item) subscales; 1) Jumping to conclusions bias 2) Belief inflexibility bias 3) Attention to threat bias 4) External attribution bias 5) Social cognition problems 6) Subjective cognitive problems and 7) Safety behaviours. Respondents score each statement using a 7-point rating scale, ranging from 'totally disagree' (1) to 'totally agree' (7). For the session-by session data, the subscales Jumping to conclusions, Belief Inflexibility Bias and External Attribution bias subscales will be administered. Each cognitive bias subscale obtains a score from 7-42, with a higher score indicating higher propensity towards a cognitive bias. |
Assessed weekly for 4 weeks prior to therapy start, weekly after each therapy session (maximum 20 sessions) and weekly for 4 weeks after therapy intervention has been completed. |
|
| Secondary |
Jumping to conclusions task (Garety et al., 1991; Moritz et al., 2010). |
A computerised task where participants are presented with two lakes of coloured fish in opposing ratios (e.g. Lake A 80% red 20% green, Lake B 80% green 20% red). The participant is told that the fisherman will fish from one of these lakes only (but which lake is unknown). After each "catch" the participant is asked to make 2 judgements: 1) probability that the fish is caught from lake A or B and 2) Whether they are ready to make a decision on what lake the fish is caught from. This task measures participants tendency to jump to conclusions. |
Administered at 6 study assessment points: Pre-baseline (4 weeks prior to therapy start), Baseline (pre-therapy start), Post therapy session 8, Post-Therapy completion (maximun 20 sessions), as well as weeks 4 and 12 post therapy completion. |
|
| Secondary |
Bias Against Disconfirmatory Evidence (BADE) task (Woodward et al., 2006) |
A computerised version of the BADE task will be employed. In this task, participants will be presented a series of with delusion-neutral scenarios. For each scenario they will be asked to rate the plausibility of 4 interpretations each scenario will have a one "true" interpretation two "lure" interpretation and one "absurd" interpretation. After making their ratings, participants will be presented with additional scenario descriptions, which will provide further information, and participants will be allowed to adjust their ratings if necessary |
Administered at 6 study assessment points: Pre-baseline (4 weeks prior to therapy start), Baseline (pre-therapy start), Post therapy session 8, Post-Therapy completion (maximun 20 sessions), as well as weeks 4 and 12 post therapy completion. |
|
| Secondary |
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1987) |
PANSS is a structured clinical interview that estimates symptom severity for people with schizophrenia and psychosis. The scale consists of 30 items measuring positive (P1-P7), negative (N1-N7) and general (G1-G16) symptom severity. Each of the items is scored on a 1-7 point scale ranging from absent (1) to extreme (7). Total scores range from 30-210, with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity. |
Administered at 6 study assessment points: Pre-baseline (4 weeks prior to therapy start), Baseline (pre-therapy start), Post therapy session 8, Post-Therapy completion (maximun 20 sessions), as well as weeks 4 and 12 post therapy completion. |
|
| Secondary |
Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI; Ritsher et al., 2003) |
This is a 29-item questionnaire that assesses subjective levels of self-stigma. Participants are asked to rate the extent to which they agree with a set of statements on a 1-4 point scale scale ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (4). Items add up to 5 subscales, including: alienation, stereotype endorsement, discrimination experience, social withdrawal and stigma resistance. Scores for subscales and total scores are calculated by adding the item scores and dividing by total number of answered items, with higher scores indicating higher internalized stigma. |
Administered at 6 study assessment points: Pre-baseline (4 weeks prior to therapy start), Baseline (pre-therapy start), Post therapy session 8, Post-Therapy completion (maximun 20 sessions), as well as weeks 4 and 12 post therapy completion. |
|
| Secondary |
Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS; Addington et al., 1990). |
Measures depressive symptoms in schizophrenia. The scale consists of a structured interview with nine questions, and are scored on a 0-3 scale ranging from absent (0) to severe (3). Total score range 0-27 with higher scores indicating higher severity of depressive symptoms. |
Administered at 6 study assessment points: Pre-baseline (4 weeks prior to therapy start), Baseline (pre-therapy start), Post therapy session 8, Post-Therapy completion (maximun 20 sessions), as well as weeks 4 and 12 post therapy completion. |
|
| Secondary |
Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q-18; Ritsner et al., 2005). |
An 18-item self-administered questionnaire designed to assess quality of life in patients with psychotic and mood disorders. It is a self-administered scale where participants are asked to rate questions on a 1-5 scale, ranging from "not at all or never" (1) to "Frequently or all of the time" (5). Total scores range from 18-90 and a higher score indicates higher a quality of life. |
Administered at 6 study assessment points: Pre-baseline (4 weeks prior to therapy start), Baseline (pre-therapy start), Post therapy session 8, Post-Therapy completion (maximun 20 sessions), as well as weeks 4 and 12 post therapy completion. |
|
| Secondary |
The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF; American Psychological Association, APA, 1987) |
The GAF scale is a rating scale for assessing a person's psychological, social and occupational functioning. The scale total ranges from 1-100, where a lower score indicates a more severe illness in terms of symptoms and social functioning. |
Administered at 6 study assessment points: Pre-baseline (4 weeks prior to therapy start), Baseline (pre-therapy start), Post therapy session 8, Post-Therapy completion (maximun 20 sessions), as well as weeks 4 and 12 post therapy completion. |
|
| Secondary |
The Reflective Function Questionnaire (RFQ short version: Fonagy & Ghinai (unpublished manuscript) |
8-item scale to assess mentalising capacity in adults. Total scores range from 8-42. The RFQ-8 contains median scored items where scores in the middle ("partly agree" or "partly disagree") get high scores, while responses in the extreme ends of the scale reflect poor mentalising capacity. |
Administered at 6 study assessment points: Pre-baseline (4 weeks prior to therapy start), Baseline (pre-therapy start), Post therapy session 8, Post-Therapy completion (maximun 20 sessions), as well as weeks 4 and 12 post therapy completion. |
|
| Secondary |
Change in cognitive biases measured by Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scales (DACOBS: van der Gaag et al., 2013). |
This scale consists of 42 statements relating to seven (six-item) subscales; 1) Jumping to conclusions bias 2) Belief Inflexibility bias 3) Attention to threat bias 4) External attribution bias 5) Social cognition problems 6) Subjective cognitive problems and 7) Safety behaviours. Respondents score each statement using a 7- point rating scale, ranging from 'totally disagree' (1) to 'totally agree' (7). Each cognitive bias subscale obtains a score from 7-42, with a higher score indicating higher propensity towards a cognitive bias. |
Full scale administered at 6 study assessment points: Pre-baseline (4 weeks prior to therapy start), Baseline (pre-therapy start), Post therapy session 8, Post-Therapy completion (maximun 20 sessions), as well as weeks 4 and 12 post therapy completion. |
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