Physical Activity Clinical Trial
Official title:
Physical Activity Wearables in the Police Force: The PAW-Force Trial
Policing is an increasingly sedentary occupation and high levels of physical and
psychological morbidities are reported by officers and staff. Wearable fitness technology may
be a feasible intervention to promote physical activity and improve health.
This study aims to assess the feasibility and acceptability of introducing wearable fitness
technology (Fitbit™ activity monitors linked to the 'Bupa Boost' smartphone app) as a
motivator for increasing physical activity within the police force. Additional aims are to
and to assess the potential impact of the intervention on physical activity, sedentary time,
health and wellbeing, stress, sickness absence and self-perceived productivity, and to
explore which motivational strategies (e.g. individual goal-setting vs. social competitions)
are most acceptable and potentially effective and for which groups of staff.
A single-group, before and after, mixed methods exploratory trial will be conducted.
Approximately 180 police officers and staff from two sites (Plymouth Basic Command Unit and
North Dorset) will be recruited to take part. Participants will use the technology for 12
weeks initially followed by a further five months of optional use. A combination of
questionnaire surveys, interviews and analysis of staff absence records will be used.
Data will be collected pre-intervention, mid-intervention (6 weeks), post-intervention (12
weeks) and follow-up (8 months). Primary outcomes are change in objectively recorded step
count, self-reported physical activity and sedentary time. Secondary outcomes include general
health and wellbeing, perceived stress and productivity, sickness absence, engagement with
the intervention and perceived usability and usefulness.
This study will add to our understanding of the feasibility and acceptability of mobile
fitness technology in a specific workplace setting, and inform a potential larger trial
within the police force.
Background:
The workplace is increasingly seen as a setting for health promotion and preventive health
activities, not only to prevent occupational injury, but also to improve people's overall
health and wellbeing. The police force experiences higher than average rates of illness
compared to the general population, including several common risk factors for cardiovascular
disease and metabolic syndrome, in addition to high stress levels. Regular physical activity
plays a pivotal role in the prevention and treatment of many health-related conditions and
stress reduction.
The profile of crime is changing. Lower rates of street crime and increasing rates of white
collar and cybercrime mean that the act of policing is becoming a more sedentary occupation.
Police officers also experience a number of barriers to undertaking physical activity
including long working hours, shift work, job pressures and lack of access to training
facilities.
Wearable fitness technology (smartphone applications and personal physical activity monitors)
provides people with accessible ways to engage with and monitor their physical activity at
their convenience. There has been a recent proliferation of research into the application of
such technology for behaviour change and health improvement. However, much of this research
has so far been inconclusive. For studies that have reported significant effects, these have
generally been modest and short-term. Remaining knowledge gaps include which strategies
should be used to maintain motivation, and the impact of the technology within different
populations and subgroups.
'Bupa Boost' is a smartphone application (app) run by the private health insurer Bupa. The
app is a health and wellbeing tool designed for use in the workplace, which focuses on
fitness, nutrition, mindfulness and relaxation. Devon and Cornwall Police and Dorset Police
will work in partnership with Bupa, which will provide the app for free to staff and support
research around the app. The organisations will supply a specific activity monitor (the
Fitbit Charge 2™) to synchronise with the Bupa Boost app.
Bupa Boost contains several features or strategies intended to motivate behaviour change. For
the purpose of this study and based on relevant theories, the features are categorised in two
'motivational frames':
1. Individual (goal-setting to earn points and virtual rewards such as badges)
2. Social (connecting with colleagues for support and to take part in competitive and
collaborative/team challenges).
Objectives and Hypotheses:
This PhD project will conduct an exploratory trial to examine the feasibility and
acceptability of introducing wearable fitness technology (personal activity monitors linked
to a smartphone app) as a motivator for increasing physical activity within the police force.
The trial will explore engagement and acceptability of the intervention in both the short and
long term, including the maintenance of physical activity behaviours.
The work will include an exploratory analysis of a range of outcomes. It is predicted that
the intervention will be associated with increased levels of physical activity, which will
lead to improved health and wellbeing and reduced stress of staff, and an increase in
productivity and reduction in sick leave and absenteeism across the organisations.
It is hypothesised that the different motivational strategies within the app (i.e. individual
and social) will appeal to different individuals. Consequently, a further aim of this study
is to explore which motivational strategies (i.e. individual and social) are most acceptable
and potentially effective for different groups of police staff.
Secondary objectives are to gain an understanding of the wider context of physical activity
within the police force through the identification of key barriers and facilitators, to
assess the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention at various levels of the
organisation, and to assess the feasibility and acceptability of trial methods to inform a
potential larger scale trial.
Research Questions:
1. Is the wearing of a physical activity monitor (Fitbit Charge 2™) and use of the 'Bupa
Boost' app a feasible and acceptable way to increase physical activity levels within the
Devon and Cornwall and Dorset police forces?
2. What is the longer term engagement and acceptability of the intervention?
3. What is the potential impact of the intervention on physical activity (and sedentary
time), and are physical activity levels maintained in the longer term?
4. Do increasing levels of physical activity impact positively on health, wellbeing and
stress levels within the police force?
5. Are increased levels of physical activity associated with a healthier workplace, as
measured by an increase in perceived productivity and reduction in sick leave and
absenteeism?
6. What is the experience and impact of the different app-based motivational strategies
(individual vs. social) on the level of physical activity undertaken by police staff,
and are there any differences according to age, gender or occupation?
7. What are the key facilitators and barriers to physical activity within the police force?
8. What is the perceived feasibility and acceptability of the intervention at various
levels of the organisation?
9. Do the findings indicate feasibility and acceptability for a larger scale trial of
wearable fitness technology within the police force?
Research Methodology:
A single group exploratory trial with a pre- and post- evaluation (i.e. before and after use
of the wearable fitness technology) will be conducted. Volunteer participants from two sites,
Plymouth Basic Command Unit (urban) and North Dorset (rural), will receive the intervention,
i.e. the Fitbit activity monitor and Bupa Boost app.
Following an initial week of wearing the activity monitor only (for baseline data
collection), participants will take part in a 12 week intervention where the activity monitor
will be linked to the Bupa Boost app. They will set specific goals including increasing their
step count, and they will then be encouraged to engage with all of the motivational
strategies within the 'individual' frame in weeks 1-6, followed by the 'social' frame in
weeks 7-12. At the end of the 12 weeks, there will be a 5 month 'maintenance phase' during
which participants may continue to use the device and app if and when they desire.
Participants will be instructed to use only the device they are given (Fitbit Charge 2™) and
Bupa Boost, and to use only the features that relate to the 'individual' or 'social'
motivational frame as appropriate. Data on step count will be directly collected by the
device; participants will send this electronically to the researcher at four different time
points - pre-intervention (baseline), mid-intervention (6 weeks), post-intervention (12
weeks) and follow-up (5 months post-intervention). They will also complete a range of online
questionnaires relating to their physical activity levels, health and wellbeing, stress,
perceived productivity and absenteeism at the same time points.
The duration of the study will be approximately 12 months and is part of a 36 month PhD. A
small pilot study will be undertaken to ensure the data collection methods are acceptable.
With participants' permission, some data will also be collected from staff occupational
health records. This will include sickness and absence time, and most common reasons for
sickness absence before and after the intervention.
In addition to quantitative data, there will be a parallel qualitative study to gain an
understanding of participants' expectations (before the intervention) and experiences (after
the intervention) of the wearable fitness technology, and facilitators of and barriers to its
use and participating in physical activity. This will involve interviews with a small sample,
including participants who showed various levels of engagement. There will also be a small
survey with managers, commissioners and occupational health staff within the police force to
assess their perceptions of the usefulness, acceptability and feasibility of the
intervention.
Analysis Plan:
A pre- and post-trial analysis will be undertaken. Baseline data will be compared with
post-intervention and follow-up outcomes. An appropriate statistical method (e.g. paired
t-test, repeated measures analysis of variance) will be selected for the primary outcome of
step count. Inferential analysis will be used for key secondary outcomes (International
Physical Activity Questionnaire outcomes, SF-12 health survey, Perceived Stress Scale,
absenteeism and presenteeism) where possible.
Changes in outcomes between the two motivational frames will also be compared to assess their
impact, and subgroup analysis will be used to explore any potential associations between
varying effectiveness and sociodemographic factors (i.e. age, gender, occupation). All
statistical analyses will be performed in Stata (version 14).
All interviews will be audio-recorded and transcribed and a thematic and framework analysis
will be undertaken.
Contribution and Justification of Benefit:
This research has the potential to fill some of the gaps in the existing evidence surrounding
mobile fitness technology, including:
- Application of the technology to promote physical activity in a specific workplace
setting;
- Identification of the preferred and potentially effective motivational/behaviour change
strategies in this context;
- Sub-group differences - impact of the intervention and strategies according to age,
gender and occupation;
- The study of both physical activity and sedentary behaviour (as the latter is an
independent risk factor for poor health);
- Provide further insight into adherence to the use of wearable devices and mobile health
technology and the longer-term impact on maintenance of physical activity
There are potential benefits to the health and wellbeing of the police force, which is likely
to impact on the organisation and also the local community through the reduction of staff
pressure due to sick days, increased health and wellness whilst at work and increased
productivity and resilience to stress.
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