The Evaluation of a Standard Treatment Regimen of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs for Patients With MDR-TB

MDR-TB Clinical Trial

— STREAM  

Official title:

STREAM: The Evaluation of a Standard Treatment Regimen of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs for Patients With MDR-TB

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT02409290
• Other study ID #: 78372190/18148631 (Stage 1/2)
• Status: Completed
• Phase: Phase 3
• Start date: March 2016
• Est. completion date: May 2, 2023

Study information

• Verified date: September 2023
• Source: IUATLD, Inc
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Tuberculosis (TB) is a common, infectious, bacterial disease that is spread when an infected person transmits their saliva through the air by coughing or sneezing. Despite the availability and effectiveness of affordable six-month treatments for tuberculosis (TB), the worldwide control of this disease is currently being impacted by the emergence of multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB). MDR-TB refers to TB that is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. These are the two most powerful first-line drugs used to treat pulmonary TB. MDR-TB usually develops while a person is taking TB treatment due to either inappropriate treatment or failure of patients to comply with their treatment. This strain of drug-resistant bacteria can also be spread to other people through the air. With the incident rate of MDR-TB on the rise, there is a need to investigate optimal treatment regimens using effective drugs.

Description:

The STREAM study is an international, multi-centre, parallel-group, open-label, randomised, controlled trial in patients with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) including patients with rifampicin-resistant and isoniazid-sensitive TB. Background and Rationale: In 2011, World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines for the treatment for MDR-TB recommended an intensive phase of treatment based on at least four drugs known to be effective and given for a minimum of 20 months; this is referred to as the WHO 2011 long regimen. Outcomes with this approach are generally poor. In the most recent WHO TB surveillance report only 50% of MDR-TB patients were successfully treated and a recent meta-analysis reported on average 62% successful outcome and a mortality of 11%. In 2010, Van Deun et al (2010) reported excellent long-term outcomes in a cohort of over 200 patients in Bangladesh with MDR-TB who were treated with a regimen given for only nine to 11 months. Such a regimen, if successful, would represent a considerable advance over current practice. Evaluation of this regimen is the objective of Stage 1 of STREAM. In 2016, following review of the available data, the WHO MDR TB treatment guidelines were modified to recommend a 9-12 month shortened regimen under specific conditions similar to Regimen B used in STREAM Stage 1 (referred to as the WHO 2016 short regimen). Bedaquiline is a novel diarylquinoline antibiotic with bactericidal activity. In a phase II trial of patients with MDR-TB time to culture conversion was significantly less in patients receiving bedaquiline compared to those receiving an optimised background regimen only (Diacon et al (2012). In December 2012 the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved bedaquiline as part of the treatment regimen for MDR-TB when other agents are unavailable. Stage 2 of STREAM was designed to investigate ways in which Regimen B could be improved either by removing the second-line injectable, which is associated with severe drug toxicity, or by shortening the regimen to 6 months. Treatments that are evaluated within the STREAM trial include: Regimen A The locally-used MDR-TB regimen in accordance with 2011 WHO MDR-TB treatment guidelines. Regimen B is based on the regimen described by Van Deun 2010. At the start of STREAM this consisted of clofazimine, ethambutol, moxifloxacin, and pyrazinamide given for 40 weeks, supplemented by isoniazid, kanamycin, and prothionamide in the first 16 weeks (intensive phase). ); this combination is referred to as Regimen Bmox. With Version 8.0 of the protocol Regimen B is modified by replacement of moxifloxacin with levofloxacin (referred to as Regimen Blev). Regimen B without specification of which fluoroquinolone is in the regimen refers to either (Bmox or Blev). Regimen C is a 40-week all-oral regimen consisting of bedaquiline, clofazimine, ethambutol, levofloxacin, and pyrazinamide given for 40 weeks supplemented by isoniazid and prothionamide for the first 16 weeks (intensive phase). Regimen D is a 28-week regimen consisting of bedaquiline, clofazimine, levofloxacin, and pyrazinamide given for 28 weeks supplemented by isoniazid and kanamycin for the first 8 weeks (intensive phase). The primary objectives of the STREAM2 trial are: To assess whether the proportion of participants with a favourable efficacy outcome at week 76 on Regimen C is non-inferior to that on Regimen B Study Population: Stage 2 will aim to randomise at least 200 patients to each of Regimens B and C. All patients will be followed up to Week 132. The primary analysis will be based on the data accrued to Week 76 and is based on the proportion of patients with a favourable outcome at that time point ; the data accrued to Week 132 will be used in secondary analyses. Although the STREAM study is an open-label study, wherever possible it will be conducted masked to treatment allocation.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 588
• Est. completion date: May 2, 2023
• Est. primary completion date: May 13, 2022
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: 15 Years and older

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Consent: Is willing and able to give informed consent to participate in the trial treatment and follow-up (signed or witnessed consent if the patient is illiterate). If the patient is below the age of consent (according to local regulations), the parent/caregiver should be able and willing to give consent, and the patient be informed about the study and asked to give positive assent, if feasible

2. Age: Is aged 18 years or older (Stage 1) or 15 years or older (Stage 2)

3. AFB or GeneXpert results: Has a positive AFB sputum smear result at screening (at least scanty), or a positive GeneXpert result (with a cycle threshold (Ct) value of 25 or lower) from a test performed at screening or from a test performed within the four weeks prior to screening

4. Has evidence of resistance to rifampicin either by line probe assay (Hain Genotype), GeneXpert or culture-based drug susceptibility testing (DST), from a test performed at screening or from a test performed within the four weeks prior to screening

5. Is willing to have an HIV test and, if positive, is willing to be treated with ART in accordance with the national policies but excluding ART contraindicated for use with bedaquiline

6. Is willing to use effective contraception: pre-menopausal women or women whose last menstrual period was within the preceding year, who have not been sterilised must agree to use a barrier method or an intrauterine device unless their partner has had a vasectomy; men who have not had a vasectomy must agree to use condoms. In Stage 2 pre-menopausal women or women whose last menstrual period was within the preceding year, who have not been sterilised must agree to use two methods of contraception, for example a hormonal method and a barrier method

7. Resides in the area and expected to remain for the duration of the study.

8. Has had a chest X-ray that is compatible with a diagnosis of pulmonary TB (if such a chest X-ray taken within 4 weeks of randomisation is available, a repeat X-ray is not required)

9. Has normal K+, Mg2+ and corrected Ca2+ at screening.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Is infected with a strain of M. tuberculosis resistant to second-line injectables by line probe assay (Hain Genotype) from a test performed at screening or from a test performed within the four weeks prior to screening

2. Is infected with a strain of M. tuberculosis resistant to fluoroquinolones by line probe assay (Hain Genotype) from a test performed at screening or from a test performed within the four weeks prior to screening

3. Has tuberculous meningitis or bone and joint tuberculosis

4. Is critically ill, and in the judgment of the investigator, unlikely to survive more than 4 months

5. Is known to be pregnant or breast-feeding

6. Is unable or unwilling to comply with the treatment, assessment, or follow-up schedule

7. Is unable to take oral medication

8. Has AST or ALT more than 5 times the upper limit of normal for Stage 1, and AST or ALT more than 3 times the upper limit of normal for Stage 2

9. Has any condition (social or medical) which in the opinion of the investigator would make study participation unsafe

10. In the investigator's opinion the patient is likely to be eligible for treatment with bedaquiline according to local guidelines due to a pre-existing medical condition such as hearing loss or renal impairment

11. Is taking any medications contraindicated with the medicines in any trial regimen

12. Has a known allergy to any fluoroquinolone antibiotic

13. Is currently taking part in another trial of a medicinal product

14. Has a QT or QTcF interval at screening or immediately prior to randomisation of more than or equal to 500 ms for Stage 1, and more than or equal to 450 ms for Stage 2 In addition to the criteria above, for Stage 2 only, a patient will not be eligible

for randomisation to the study if he/she:

15. Has experienced one or more of the following risk factors for QT prolongation:

• A confirmed prolongation of the QT or QTcF more than or equal to 450 ms in the screening ECG (retesting to reassess eligibility will be allowed once using an unscheduled visit during the screening phase)
• Pathological Q-waves (defined as Q-wave more than 40 ms or depth more than 0.4-0.5 mV)
• Evidence of ventricular pre-excitation (e.g., Wolff Parkinson White syndrome)
• Electrocardiographic evidence of complete or clinically significant incomplete left bundle branch block or right bundle branch block
• Evidence of second or third degree heart block
• Intraventricular conduction delay with QRS duration more than 120 ms
• Bradycardia as defined by sinus rate less than 50 bpm
• Personal or family history of Long QT Syndrome
• Personal history of cardiac disease, symptomatic or asymptomatic arrhythmias, with the exception of sinus arrhythmia
• Syncope (i.e. cardiac syncope not including syncope due to vasovagal or epileptic causes)
• Risk factors for Torsades de Pointes (e.g., heart failure, hypokalaemia, or hypomagnesemia)

16. Has received treatment for MDR-TB in the 12 weeks prior to screening, other than the maximum permitted treatment specified in Section 5.2.1

17. Has a history of cirrhosis and classified as Child's B or C at screening or a bilirubin more than 1.5 times upper limit of normal.

18. Has an estimated creatinine clearance (CrCl) less than 30 mL/min based on the Cockcroft-Gault equation

19. Is HIV positive and has a CD4 count less than 50 cells/mm3

20. Has pancreatic amylase elevation more than two times above the upper limit of normal

21. Has a history of alcohol and/or drug abuse

22. Has had previous treatment with bedaquiline

23. Has taken rifampicin in the seven days prior to randomisation

24. There has been a delay of more than four weeks between the screening consent and randomisation

25. Is an employee or family member of the investigator or study site staff with direct involvement in the proposed study.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• MDR-TB
• Tuberculosis
• Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant

Intervention

Drug:
• Regimen A locally-used WHO-approved MDR-TB regimen (2011 guideline)
Drug: Locally-used WHO-approved MDR-TB regimen
• Moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin is an 8-methoxy quinolone, and an anti-bacterial fluoroquinolone
• Clofazimine
Clofazimine, is an antileprosy and anti-bacterial agent. Its chemical name is 3-(p-chloroanilino)-10-(p-chlorophenyl)-2, 10-dihydro-2-isopropyliminophenazine.
• Ethambutol
Ethambutol is a bacteriostatic that acts against virtually all strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis and is also active against other mycobacteria such as M. Kansasii.
• Pyrazinamide
Pyrazinamide is bactericidal against intracellular mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a prodrug that is converted into its active form, pyrazinoic acid, by a mycobacterial enzyme, pyrazinamidase, as well as through hepatic metabolism.
• Isoniazid
Isoniazid is a bactericidal in vitro and in vivo against actively dividing tubercle bacilli. Its primary action is to inhibit the synthesis of long-chain mycolic acids, which are unique constituents of mycobacterial cell wall.
• Prothionamide
Prothionamide has a bacteriostatic action.
• Kanamycin
Kanamycin is a bactericidal antibiotic from the group of aminoglycosides.
• Levofloxacin
Levofloxacin is a synthetic antibacterial agent of the fluoroquinolone class that acts on the DNA-DNA-gyrase complex and topoisomerase IV. It is the S (-) enantiomer of the racemic active substance ofloxacin.
• Bedaquiline
Bedaquiline is a novel diarylquinoline antibiotic with bactericidal activity

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Ethiopia	Armauer Hanssen Research Institute	Addis Ababa
Ethiopia	St. Peter's Tuberculosis Specializes Hospital	Addis Ababa
Georgia	JSC National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases	Tbilisi
India	BJ Medical College Civil Hospital	Ahmedabad
India	The National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis	Chennai
India	Rajan Babu Institute for Pulmonary Medicine and Tuberculosis	New Delhi
Moldova, Republic of	Institute of Phthisiopneumology 'Chiril Draganiuc'	Chisinau
Mongolia	National Centre for Communicable Diseases	Ulaanbaatar
South Africa	King Dinizulu Hospital	Durban
South Africa	Helen Joseph Hospital	Johannesburg
South Africa	Doris Goodwin Hospital	Pietermaritzburg
South Africa	Empilweni TB Hospital	Port Elizabeth
Uganda	Makerere University (Mulago Referral Hospital)	Kampala

Sponsors (5)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
IUATLD, Inc	Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Medical Research Council, Rede TB

Countries where clinical trial is conducted

Ethiopia,  Georgia,  India,  Moldova, Republic of,  Mongolia,  South Africa,  Uganda, 

References & Publications (35)

Alffenaar JW, de Vries PM, Luijckx GJ, van Soolingen D, van der Werf TS, van Altena R. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin in a patient with tuberculous meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Jun;52(6):2293-5. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01637-07. Epub 2008 Mar 24. No abstract available. — View Citation

Altin T, Ozcan O, Turhan S, Ongun Ozdemir A, Akyurek O, Karaoguz R, Guldal M. Torsade de pointes associated with moxifloxacin: a rare but potentially fatal adverse event. Can J Cardiol. 2007 Sep;23(11):907-8. doi: 10.1016/s0828-282x(07)70850-4. — View Citation

Cegielski JP, Dalton T, Yagui M, Wattanaamornkiet W, Volchenkov GV, Via LE, Van Der Walt M, Tupasi T, Smith SE, Odendaal R, Leimane V, Kvasnovsky C, Kuznetsova T, Kurbatova E, Kummik T, Kuksa L, Kliiman K, Kiryanova EV, Kim H, Kim CK, Kazennyy BY, Jou R, Huang WL, Ershova J, Erokhin VV, Diem L, Contreras C, Cho SN, Chernousova LN, Chen MP, Caoili JC, Bayona J, Akksilp S; Global Preserving Effective TB Treatment Study (PETTS) Investigators. Extensive drug resistance acquired during treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Oct 15;59(8):1049-63. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu572. Epub 2014 Jul 23. — View Citation

Chiang CY, Enarson DA, Yu MC, Bai KJ, Huang RM, Hsu CJ, Suo J, Lin TP. Outcome of pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a 6-yr follow-up study. Eur Respir J. 2006 Nov;28(5):980-5. doi: 10.1183/09031936.06.00125705. Epub 2006 Jul 12. — View Citation

Dale KM, Lertsburapa K, Kluger J, White CM. Moxifloxacin and torsade de pointes. Ann Pharmacother. 2007 Feb;41(2):336-40. doi: 10.1345/aph.1H474. Epub 2007 Feb 6. — View Citation

Demolis JL, Kubitza D, Tenneze L, Funck-Brentano C. Effect of a single oral dose of moxifloxacin (400 mg and 800 mg) on ventricular repolarization in healthy subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Dec;68(6):658-66. doi: 10.1067/mcp.2000.111482. — View Citation

Diacon AH, Donald PR, Pym A, Grobusch M, Patientia RF, Mahanyele R, Bantubani N, Narasimooloo R, De Marez T, van Heeswijk R, Lounis N, Meyvisch P, Andries K, McNeeley DF. Randomized pilot trial of eight weeks of bedaquiline (TMC207) treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: long-term outcome, tolerability, and effect on emergence of drug resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Jun;56(6):3271-6. doi: 10.1128/AAC.06126-11. Epub 2012 Mar 5. — View Citation

Falagas ME, Rafailidis PI, Rosmarakis ES. Arrhythmias associated with fluoroquinolone therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007 Apr;29(4):374-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.11.011. Epub 2007 Jan 22. — View Citation

Florian JA, Tornoe CW, Brundage R, Parekh A, Garnett CE. Population pharmacokinetic and concentration--QTc models for moxifloxacin: pooled analysis of 20 thorough QT studies. J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Aug;51(8):1152-62. doi: 10.1177/0091270010381498. Epub 2011 Jan 12. — View Citation

Fox GJ, Menzies D. A Review of the Evidence for Using Bedaquiline (TMC207) to Treat Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. Infect Dis Ther. 2013 Dec;2(2):123-44. doi: 10.1007/s40121-013-0009-3. Epub 2013 Aug 2. — View Citation

Guidelines for the Programmatic Management of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: 2011 Update. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK148644/ — View Citation

Gumbo T, Louie A, Deziel MR, Parsons LM, Salfinger M, Drusano GL. Selection of a moxifloxacin dose that suppresses drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, by use of an in vitro pharmacodynamic infection model and mathematical modeling. J Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 1;190(9):1642-51. doi: 10.1086/424849. Epub 2004 Sep 24. Erratum In: J Infect Dis. 2004 Dec 1;190(11):2059. — View Citation

Haddad PM, Anderson IM. Antipsychotic-related QTc prolongation, torsade de pointes and sudden death. Drugs. 2002;62(11):1649-71. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200262110-00006. — View Citation

Hillemann D, Rusch-Gerdes S, Richter E. Feasibility of the GenoType MTBDRsl assay for fluoroquinolone, amikacin-capreomycin, and ethambutol resistance testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Jun;47(6):1767-72. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00081-09. Epub 2009 Apr 22. — View Citation

Johnson JL, Hadad DJ, Boom WH, Daley CL, Peloquin CA, Eisenach KD, Jankus DD, Debanne SM, Charlebois ED, Maciel E, Palaci M, Dietze R. Early and extended early bactericidal activity of levofloxacin, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin in pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006 Jun;10(6):605-12. — View Citation

Lancioni GE, Coninx F, Smeets PM. A classical conditioning procedure for the hearing assessment of multiply handicapped persons. J Speech Hear Disord. 1989 Feb;54(1):88-93. doi: 10.1044/jshd.5401.88. — View Citation

Laserson KF, Wells CD. Reaching the targets for tuberculosis control: the impact of HIV. Bull World Health Organ. 2007 May;85(5):377-81; discussion 382-6. doi: 10.2471/blt.06.035329. — View Citation

Leimane V, Riekstina V, Holtz TH, Zarovska E, Skripconoka V, Thorpe LE, Laserson KF, Wells CD. Clinical outcome of individualised treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Latvia: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2005 Jan 22-28;365(9456):318-26. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17786-1. — View Citation

Mann G, Squire SB, Bissell K, Eliseev P, Du Toit E, Hesseling A, Nicol M, Detjen A, Kritski A. Beyond accuracy: creating a comprehensive evidence base for TB diagnostic tools. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010 Dec;14(12):1518-24. — View Citation

McClure N, Dornal JC. Early identification of placenta praevia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990 Oct;97(10):959-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1990.tb02457.x. No abstract available. — View Citation

Mitnick C, Bayona J, Palacios E, Shin S, Furin J, Alcantara F, Sanchez E, Sarria M, Becerra M, Fawzi MC, Kapiga S, Neuberg D, Maguire JH, Kim JY, Farmer P. Community-based therapy for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Lima, Peru. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 9;348(2):119-28. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa022928. — View Citation

Mohamed K, Embleton A, Cuffe RL. Adjusting for covariates in non-inferiority studies with margins defined as risk differences. Pharm Stat. 2011 Sep-Oct;10(5):461-6. doi: 10.1002/pst.520. — View Citation

Morganroth J, Dimarco JP, Anzueto A, Niederman MS, Choudhri S; CAPRIE Study Group. A randomized trial comparing the cardiac rhythm safety of moxifloxacin vs levofloxacin in elderly patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 2005 Nov;128(5):3398-406. doi: 10.1378/chest.128.5.3398. — View Citation

Noel GJ, Natarajan J, Chien S, Hunt TL, Goodman DB, Abels R. Effects of three fluoroquinolones on QT interval in healthy adults after single doses. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Apr;73(4):292-303. doi: 10.1016/s0009-9236(03)00009-2. — View Citation

Orenstein EW, Basu S, Shah NS, Andrews JR, Friedland GH, Moll AP, Gandhi NR, Galvani AP. Treatment outcomes among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009 Mar;9(3):153-61. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70041-6. — View Citation

Rubinstein E, Camm J. Cardiotoxicity of fluoroquinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002 Apr;49(4):593-6. doi: 10.1093/jac/49.4.593. No abstract available. — View Citation

Sacco F, Spezzaferro M, Amitrano M, Grossi L, Manzoli L, Marzio L. Efficacy of four different moxifloxacin-based triple therapies for first-line H. pylori treatment. Dig Liver Dis. 2010 Feb;42(2):110-4. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2009.05.013. Epub 2009 Oct 28. — View Citation

Seung KJ, Omatayo DB, Keshavjee S, Furin JJ, Farmer PE, Satti H. Early outcomes of MDR-TB treatment in a high HIV-prevalence setting in Southern Africa. PLoS One. 2009 Sep 25;4(9):e7186. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007186. — View Citation

Sherazi S, DiSalle M, Daubert JP, Shah AH. Moxifloxacin-induced torsades de pointes. Cardiol J. 2008;15(1):71-3. — View Citation

Soliman EZ, Lundgren JD, Roediger MP, Duprez DA, Temesgen Z, Bickel M, Shlay JC, Somboonwit C, Reiss P, Stein JH, Neaton JD; INSIGHT SMART Study Group. Boosted protease inhibitors and the electrocardiographic measures of QT and PR durations. AIDS. 2011 Jan 28;25(3):367-77. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328341dcc0. — View Citation

Stass H, Dalhoff A, Kubitza D, Schuhly U. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of ascending single doses of moxifloxacin, a new 8-methoxy quinolone, administered to healthy subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Aug;42(8):2060-5. doi: 10.1128/AAC.42.8.2060. — View Citation

Tsikouris JP, Peeters MJ, Cox CD, Meyerrose GE, Seifert CF. Effects of three fluoroquinolones on QT analysis after standard treatment courses. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2006 Jan;11(1):52-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1542-474X.2006.00082.x. — View Citation

Van Deun A, Maug AK, Salim MA, Das PK, Sarker MR, Daru P, Rieder HL. Short, highly effective, and inexpensive standardized treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Sep 1;182(5):684-92. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201001-0077OC. Epub 2010 May 4. — View Citation

Wells CD, Cegielski JP, Nelson LJ, Laserson KF, Holtz TH, Finlay A, Castro KG, Weyer K. HIV infection and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: the perfect storm. J Infect Dis. 2007 Aug 15;196 Suppl 1:S86-107. doi: 10.1086/518665. — View Citation

Zignol M, Hosseini MS, Wright A, Weezenbeek CL, Nunn P, Watt CJ, Williams BG, Dye C. Global incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Infect Dis. 2006 Aug 15;194(4):479-85. doi: 10.1086/505877. Epub 2006 Jul 12. — View Citation

* Note: There are 35 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Other	Favourable Outcome After Long-term Follow-up (132 Weeks)	The proportion of patients with a favourable outcome at their last efficacy visit	Last efficacy visit, between 96 and 132 weeks
Other	Proportion of Patients With Acquired Drug Resistance	The proportion of patients with acquired drug resistance (any drug)	132 weeks
Other	Failure or Recurrence (FoR)	probable or definite failure or recurrence (FoR)	final efficacy week (between 96 and 132 weeks)
Other	Failure or Recurrence (FoR)	The proportion of patients with failure or recurrence (FoR)	132 weeks, control regimen (arm B) using concurrent controls only
Primary	STREAM Stage 2 Primary Outcome Measure (the Proportion of Patients With a Favourable Outcome at Week 76)	The primary efficacy outcome of the STREAM Stage 2 comparison is status at Week 76 i.e. the proportion of patients with a favourable outcome at Week 76	76 weeks

External Links

•   Medical Research Council at UCL's web page containing information on the trial
•   The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease web page containing information on the trial
•   Vital Strategies (study sponsor) project web page containing information on the trial