Outcome
Type |
Measure |
Description |
Time frame |
Safety issue |
Primary |
Blood pressure (BP) (cohort 1) |
The upper arm BP including both systolic pressure and diastolic pressure will be measured using an Omron J12 electronic sphygmomanometer for three times and the second and third readings will be used. |
through the study completion, an average of 1-week |
|
Primary |
Lung function (cohort 1) |
Lung function measures including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) will be determined using a Pony FX spirometer. |
through the study completion, an average of 1-week |
|
Primary |
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) (cohort 1) |
FeNO levels will be measured using a portable NIOX VERO machine (Aerocrine AB, Solna, Sweden). |
through the study completion, an average of 1-week |
|
Primary |
Urinary oxidative biomarkers (cohort 1) |
Morning urine samples will be collected and measured for malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-iso-prostaglandinF2a (8-iso-PGF2a) using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). |
through the study completion, an average of 1-week |
|
Primary |
Circulating cytokine and chemokine biomarkers (cohort 1) |
Peripheral blood samples will be collected and measured for soluble CD40L(sCD40L), epidermal growth factor(EGF), Eotaxin-1, fibroblast growth factor 2(FGF2), fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand(FLT3LG), Fractalkine, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor(G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor(GM-CSF), growth-related oncogene a(GROa), interferon-a2(IFN-a2), IFN-?, interleukin-1a(IL-1a), IL-1ß, IL-1R1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, interferon-inducible protein-10(IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1), MCP-3, macrophage-derived chemokine(MDC), macrophage inflammatory protein-1a(MIP-1a), MIP-1ß, platelet-derived growth factor-AA(PDGF-AA), PDGF-AB/BB, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted(RANTES), transforming growth factor-a(TGF-a), tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a), TNF-ß and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) using a liquid chip in Luminex platform. |
through the study completion, an average of 1-week |
|
Primary |
Inflammatory and immune markers for peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) (cohort 1) |
The following inflammatory and immune markers of PBMC will be measured using labeled antibodies in multiplexed mass cytometry: p53, phospho-p53 (p-p53), p-mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 (pErk1/2), cell devision cycle protein 2 (cdc2), p-cdc2, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), p-STAT3, serine/threonine kinase 1, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), p-ATM, p62, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p-mTOR, mitogen-activated protein kinases1+2, nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (NF-?B p65), p-NF-?B p65, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p-JNK, glycoprotein 130 (gp130), p-gp130, Cyclin B1, p-Cyclin B1, phosphorylation protein kinase B, autophagy related gene 5, cluster differentiation antigen 4 (CD4), CD8, CD11c, CD14, CD20, CD56, toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation primary response 88, TNF receptor associated factor 6, and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4. |
through the study completion, an average of 1-week |
|
Primary |
Change in blood pressure from baseline to during and after the intervention (cohort 2) |
The upper arm BP including both systolic pressure and diastolic pressure will be measured using an Omron J12 electronic sphygmomanometer for three times and the second and third readings will be used. |
before, during and after the smog episodes (up to 10 days) |
|
Primary |
Change in lung function from baseline to during and after the intervention (cohort 2) |
Lung function measures including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) will be determined using a Pony FX spirometer. |
before, during and after the smog episodes (up to 10 days) |
|
Primary |
Change in fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) from baseline to during and after the intervention (cohort 2) |
FeNO levels will be measured using a portable NIOX VERO machine (Aerocrine AB, Solna, Sweden). |
before, during and after the smog episodes (up to 10 days) |
|
Primary |
Change in urinary oxidative biomarkers from baseline to during and after the intervention (cohort 2) |
Morning urine samples will be collected and measured for malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-iso-prostaglandinF2a (8-iso-PGF2a) using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). |
before, during and after the smog episodes (up to 10 days) |
|
Primary |
Change in circulating cytokine and chemokine biomarkers from baseline to during and after the intervention (cohort 2) |
Peripheral blood samples will be collected and measured for soluble CD40L(sCD40L), epidermal growth factor(EGF), Eotaxin-1, fibroblast growth factor 2(FGF2), fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand(FLT3LG), Fractalkine, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor(G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor(GM-CSF), growth-related oncogene a(GROa), interferon-a2(IFN-a2), IFN-?, interleukin-1a(IL-1a), IL-1ß, IL-1R1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, interferon-inducible protein-10(IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1), MCP-3, macrophage-derived chemokine(MDC), macrophage inflammatory protein-1a(MIP-1a), MIP-1ß, platelet-derived growth factor-AA(PDGF-AA), PDGF-AB/BB, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted(RANTES), transforming growth factor-a(TGF-a), tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a), TNF-ß and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) using a liquid chip in Luminex platform. |
before, during and after the smog episodes (up to 10 days) |
|
Secondary |
DNA methylation (cohort 1) |
Genomic DNA methylation changes associated with indoor exposures will be screened using methylation chip in a group of selected participants and confirmed in both cohorts using bisulfite-polymerase chain reaction-pyrosequencing. |
through the study completion, an average of 1-week |
|
Secondary |
Concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites (cohort 1) |
Fifteen main phthalate metabolites in morning urine samples including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethylphthalate (DEP), diisobuylphthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), bis(2-Methoxyethyl)phthalate (DMEP), bis(4-Methyl-2-pentyl)phthalate (DMPP), bis(2-Ethoxyethyl)phthalate (DEEP), dipentyl phthalate (DPP), dihexyl phthalate (DHP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-n-butoxyethyl)phthalate (DBEP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), bis(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), dinonyl phthalate (DNP) will be quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). |
through the study completion, an average of 1-week |
|
Secondary |
Change in DNA methylation from baseline to during and after the intervention (cohort 2) |
Genomic DNA methylation changes associated with indoor exposures will be screened using methylation chip in a group of selected participants and confirmed in both cohorts using bisulfite-polymerase chain reaction-pyrosequencing. |
before, during and after the smog episodes (up to 10 days) |
|