Sympathetic Activity and Cardiometabolic Complications

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Clinical Trial

— SYMPACT  

Official title:

Association Between Enhanced Sympathetic Activity and Cardiometabolic Complications: a Cross-sectional Study on Predictive Power of 24-hour Urinary Metanephrines (SYMPACT)

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT04495231
• Other study ID #: SympAct 1
• Status: Completed
• Start date: September 1, 2007
• Est. completion date: July 1, 2020

Study information

• Verified date: July 2020
• Source: University of Turin, Italy
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Observational

Clinical Trial Summary

Recent studies on catecholamine physiology have shown a direct correlation with arterial hypertension, overcoming the exclusive role in the diagnosis and follow-up of chromaffin tumors.

Nevertheless, in literature, few studies explore and reveal the utility of testing metanephrines for the evaluation of sympathetic activity and its associated cardiometabolic complications in patients with essential hypertension.

Description:

Catecholamines (noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine) are adaptive and maladaptive stress hormones.

In the classic "fight or flight" mechanism, they activate behavioral and physiological processes that facilitate the overcoming of stress; for instance, challenged by a physical stressor, an organism responds to the threat either fighting and prevailing or accepting defeat and fleeing in avoidance.

In the pathological context, an excessive catecholamine secretion is typical of the chromaffin tissue tumors, determining a clinical picture characterized by blood pressure elevation, tachycardia, anxiety, pallor, sweating and headache.

COMT enzyme catalyzes the O-methylation of the 3-hydroxyl group of catecholamines. The O-methylated derivatives of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine are normetanephrine, metanephrine and 3-methoxytyramine, respectively. The term "metanephrines" is generally used to collectively refer to the first two compounds.

Compared to catecholamines, metanephrines are characterized by longer half-life and more stable levels over time. Their superior accuracy for the diagnosis and follow-up of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) has been widely proved.

Excluding patients with PPGL, however, metanephrines can be more broadly considered as reliable markers of the whole sympathetic system activity; therefore, their levels may be hypothesized to be associated to a higher rate of concurrent cardiometabolic complications and, if so, could be useful for the stratification of cardiovascular risk.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 1380
• Est. completion date: July 1, 2020
• Est. primary completion date: July 1, 2015
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years and older

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Measurement of 24h urinary metanephrines at the laboratory of "City of Health and Science" hospital in Turin between 2007 and 2015

• Availability of contextual clinical patient data as collected in prospective registries of Piedmont region

Exclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma (at the time of urinary metanephrines collection or within the following 5 years)

• Diagnosis of other forms of secondary hypertension

• Previous cardiovascular or cerebrovascular event

• Chronic heart failure

• eGFR < 50 ml/min (according to CKD-EPI)

• Liver cirrhosis

• Acute conditions and/or hospitalization in ICU (at the time of urinary metanephrines collection)

• Assumption of acetaminophen during the day before the 24-hour urine collection

• Therapy with labetalol

• Therapy with sotalol

• Therapy with alpha-methyldopa

• Therapy with MAO inhibitors

• Therapy with tricyclic antidepressants

• Therapy with buspirone

• Therapy with phenoxybenzamine

• Therapy with sulfasalazine

• Therapy with L-Dopa

• Therapy with sympathomimetic drugs or other vasopressors

• Alcohol abuse

• Cocaine abuse

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Catecholamine; Overproduction
• Catecholamine; Secretion
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
• Essential Hypertension
• Heart Diseases
• Hypertension
• Hypertension,Essential
• Hypertensive Heart Disease
• Hypertensive Kidney Disease
• Kidney Diseases
• Metabolic Syndrome

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Italy	Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism; University of Turin	Torino	Piemonte

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
University of Turin, Italy

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Italy, 

References & Publications (23)

Brown MJ, Causon RC, Barnes VF, Brennan P, Barnes G, Greenberg G. Urinary catecholamines in essential hypertension: results of 24-hour urine catecholamine analyses from patients in the Medical Research Council trial for mild hypertension and from matched controls. Q J Med. 1985 Oct;57(222):637-51. — View Citation

Coulson JM. The relationship between blood pressure variability and catecholamine metabolites: a pilot study. J Hum Hypertens. 2015 Jan;29(1):50-2. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2014.23. Epub 2014 Apr 3. — View Citation

Dudenbostel T, Acelajado MC, Pisoni R, Li P, Oparil S, Calhoun DA. Refractory Hypertension: Evidence of Heightened Sympathetic Activity as a Cause of Antihypertensive Treatment Failure. Hypertension. 2015 Jul;66(1):126-33. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05449. Epub 2015 May 18. — View Citation

Eisenhofer G, Friberg P, Pacak K, Goldstein DS, Murphy DL, Tsigos C, Quyyumi AA, Brunner HG, Lenders JW. Plasma metadrenalines: do they provide useful information about sympatho-adrenal function and catecholamine metabolism? Clin Sci (Lond). 1995 May;88(5):533-42. — View Citation

Eisenhofer G, Kopin IJ, Goldstein DS. Catecholamine metabolism: a contemporary view with implications for physiology and medicine. Pharmacol Rev. 2004 Sep;56(3):331-49. Review. — View Citation

Esler M, Lambert G, Jennings G. Increased regional sympathetic nervous activity in human hypertension: causes and consequences. J Hypertens Suppl. 1990 Dec;8(7):S53-7. Review. — View Citation

Esler M. The sympathetic nervous system in hypertension: back to the future? Curr Hypertens Rep. 2015 Feb;17(2):11. doi: 10.1007/s11906-014-0519-8. Review. — View Citation

Flaa A, Aksnes TA, Kjeldsen SE, Eide I, Rostrup M. Increased sympathetic reactivity may predict insulin resistance: an 18-year follow-up study. Metabolism. 2008 Oct;57(10):1422-7. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.05.012. — View Citation

Goldstein DS, Eisenhofer G, Kopin IJ. Sources and significance of plasma levels of catechols and their metabolites in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Jun;305(3):800-11. Epub 2003 Mar 20. Review. — View Citation

Grassi G, Mark A, Esler M. The sympathetic nervous system alterations in human hypertension. Circ Res. 2015 Mar 13;116(6):976-90. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.303604. Review. — View Citation

Lenders JW, Duh QY, Eisenhofer G, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Grebe SK, Murad MH, Naruse M, Pacak K, Young WF Jr; Endocrine Society. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jun;99(6):1915-42. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-1498. — View Citation

Mancia G, Bousquet P, Elghozi JL, Esler M, Grassi G, Julius S, Reid J, Van Zwieten PA. The sympathetic nervous system and the metabolic syndrome. J Hypertens. 2007 May;25(5):909-20. Review. — View Citation

Masuo K, Kawaguchi H, Mikami H, Ogihara T, Tuck ML. Serum uric acid and plasma norepinephrine concentrations predict subsequent weight gain and blood pressure elevation. Hypertension. 2003 Oct;42(4):474-80. Epub 2003 Sep 2. — View Citation

Masuo K, Mikami H, Ogihara T, Tuck ML. Sympathetic nerve hyperactivity precedes hyperinsulinemia and blood pressure elevation in a young, nonobese Japanese population. Am J Hypertens. 1997 Jan;10(1):77-83. — View Citation

Okuyama Y, Sakata Y. [Device treatment approaches targeting the sympathetic nervous system in patients with resistant hypertension]. Nihon Rinsho. 2015 Nov;73(11):1857-63. Japanese. — View Citation

Quarti Trevano F, Dell'Oro R, Biffi A, Seravalle G, Corrao G, Mancia G, Grassi G. Sympathetic overdrive in the metabolic syndrome: meta-analysis of published studies. J Hypertens. 2020 Apr;38(4):565-572. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002288. — View Citation

Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Dolan E, O'Brien E, Dobson JE, Dahlöf B, Sever PS, Poulter NR. Prognostic significance of visit-to-visit variability, maximum systolic blood pressure, and episodic hypertension. Lancet. 2010 Mar 13;375(9718):895-905. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60308-X. — View Citation

Schlaich MP, Kaye DM, Lambert E, Sommerville M, Socratous F, Esler MD. Relation between cardiac sympathetic activity and hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation. 2003 Aug 5;108(5):560-5. Epub 2003 Jul 7. — View Citation

Straznicky NE, Grima MT, Sari CI, Karapanagiotidis S, Wong C, Eikelis N, Richards KL, Lee G, Nestel PJ, Dixon JB, Lambert GW, Schlaich MP, Lambert EA. The relation of glucose metabolism to left ventricular mass and function and sympathetic nervous system activity in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Feb;98(2):E227-37. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-3277. Epub 2012 Dec 27. — View Citation

Tank AW, Lee Wong D. Peripheral and central effects of circulating catecholamines. Compr Physiol. 2015 Jan;5(1):1-15. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c140007. Review. — View Citation

Ton QV, Hammes SR. Recent insights on circulating catecholamines in hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2014 Dec;16(12):498. doi: 10.1007/s11906-014-0498-9. Review. — View Citation

Wang W, Mu L, Su T, Ye L, Jiang Y, Jiang L, Zhou W. Plasma Metanephrines Are Associated With Glucose Metabolism in Patients With Essential Hypertension. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Sep;94(37):e1496. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000001496. — View Citation

Zhou Y, Yuan J, Wang Y, Qiao S. Plasma metanephrins are associated with myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac diastolic function in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Invest Med. 2020 Apr 5;43(1):E22-E29. doi: 10.25011/cim.v43i1.33581. — View Citation

* Note: There are 23 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Presence of left ventricular hypertrophy	The value of urinary metanephrines will be evaluated as a possible predictor of the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy	At baseline
Primary	Presence of chronic kidney disease	The value of urinary metanephrines will be evaluated as a possible predictor of the presence of chronic kidney disease	At baseline
Primary	Presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus	The value of urinary metanephrines will be evaluated as a possible predictor of the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus	At baseline
Primary	Presence of metabolic syndrome	The value of urinary metanephrines will be evaluated as a possible predictor of the presence of metabolic syndrome	At baseline
Secondary	Systolic blood pressure (SBP)	The value of urinary metanephrines will be evaluated as a possible predictor of systolic blood pressure values (mmHg)	At baseline
Secondary	Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)	The value of urinary metanephrines will be evaluated as a possible predictor of diastolic blood pressure values (mmHg)	At baseline
Secondary	Resting heart rate	The value of urinary metanephrines will be evaluated as a possible predictor of resting heart rate (bpm)	At baseline
Secondary	eGFR	The value of urinary metanephrines will be evaluated as a possible predictor of eGFR values (ml/min, as estimated by CKD-EPI formula)	At baseline
Secondary	Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio	The value of urinary metanephrines will be evaluated as a possible predictor of albumin/creatinine ratio values (mg/mmol)	At baseline
Secondary	Fasting glucose	The value of urinary metanephrines will be evaluated as a possible predictor of fasting glucose values (mg/dl)	At baseline
Secondary	Total cholesterol	The value of urinary metanephrines will be evaluated as a possible predictor of total cholesterol values (mg/dl)	At baseline
Secondary	HDL cholesterol	The value of urinary metanephrines will be evaluated as a possible predictor of HDL cholesterol values (mg/dl)	At baseline
Secondary	LDL cholesterol	The value of urinary metanephrines will be evaluated as a possible predictor of LDL cholesterol values (mg/dl, as estimated by Friedewald formula)	At baseline
Secondary	Triglycerides	The value of urinary metanephrines will be evaluated as a possible predictor of triglycerides values (mg/dl)	At baseline
Secondary	Body Mass Index (BMI)	The value of urinary metanephrines will be evaluated as a possible predictor of BMI values (kg/m2)	At baseline
Secondary	Cardiovascular risk as estimated by Framingham Risk Score (FRS)	The value of urinary metanephrines will be evaluated as a possible predictor of cardiovascular risk as estimated by FRS; FRS is expressed as a percentage, with higher values indicating higher risk; patients in which the risk estimation is not applicable will be excluded from the analysis	At baseline
Secondary	Cardiovascular risk as estimated by Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE)	The value of urinary metanephrines will be evaluated as a possible predictor of cardiovascular risk as estimated by SCORE; SCORE is expressed as a percentage, with higher values indicating higher risk; patients in which the risk estimation is not applicable will be excluded from the analysis	At baseline
Secondary	Cardiovascular risk as estimated by Progetto Cuore Score (english translation: "Heart Project Score")	The value of urinary metanephrines will be evaluated as a possible predictor of cardiovascular risk as estimated by Progetto Cuore Score; Progetto Cuore Score is expressed as a percentage, with higher values indicating higher risk; patients in which the risk estimation is not applicable will be excluded from the analysis	At baseline