Clinical Trial Details
— Status: Recruiting
Administrative data
| NCT number |
NCT04308928 |
| Other study ID # |
UStellenboschTBM |
| Secondary ID |
|
| Status |
Recruiting |
| Phase |
|
| First received |
|
| Last updated |
|
| Start date |
April 1, 2020 |
| Est. completion date |
October 31, 2024 |
Study information
| Verified date |
May 2022 |
| Source |
University of Stellenbosch |
| Contact |
Novel Chegou, Prof |
| Phone |
+27219389786 |
| Email |
novel[@]sun.ac.za |
| Is FDA regulated |
No |
| Health authority |
|
| Study type |
Observational
|
Clinical Trial Summary
The rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in children remains a serious challenge owing to
limitations in the existing diagnostic tests. TB meningitis (TBM), an extrapulmonary form of
TB, is the most severe manifestation of paediatric TB. TBM results in high morbidity and
mortality in children, despite the availability of chemotherapy, mainly due to diagnostic
delay. Most tests required for proper TBM diagnosis including analysis of cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) and brain imaging are not available in resource-limited settings e.g., in most of
Africa including South Africa. New tests for TBM are urgently needed. The main goal of this
proposal is to develop a point-of-care (POC) diagnostic test for TBM, based on CSF and
bloodbiomarkers.
Aim 1: Evaluate the diagnostic potentials of 51 host inflammatory biomarkers that the
investigators recently identified in CSF and blood samples from children with suspected
meningitis in a repository of 100 stored CSF and serum samples using a multiplex platform.
After statistical analysis including multi-marker modelling by linear discriminant analysis,
random forest, and other modelling techniques, the investigators will select the best
combination of up to four biomarkers for incorporation into the prototype diagnostic test
(Aim 2).
Aim 2: Incorporate the best performing CSF and serum biomarkers into a novel, patented
biosensor-based POC diagnostic test. The investigators will develop a multi-biomarker
prototype test for detecting up to 4 biomarkers in serum or CSF.
Aim 3: Evaluate the newly developed POC test on 300 children prospectively. This will be done
at the Tygerberg Academic Hospital. The diagnostic yield of the POC test will be compared to
the routine diagnostic tests.
Description:
IMPORTANCE AND RELEVANCE TO EDCTP2 Despite considerable ongoing efforts in the development of
tools to combat tuberculosis (TB), the disease was responsible for approximately 1.6 million
deaths, with 10 million people developing the disease worldwide in 2017 (1). An estimated one
million children became ill with TB in 2017 (1, 2). Eight countries in Africa or Asia
including South Africa, Nigeria, India, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Pakistan and
Bangladesh accounted for two-thirds of the world's total burden of TB (1). The TB incidence
in South Africa rose from 301 new cases/100,000 in 1990 to 948/100,000 in 2007 (3). The TB
burden is worsened by the HIV pandemic, which is rampant in South Africa and other African
countries. Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe form of TB, occurs mostly during
early childhood and has high morbidity and mortality, due to the delayed diagnosis and
initiation of appropriate therapy (4). TBM is the most common type of bacterial meningitis in
the Western Cape Province of South Africa (5).
New TBM diagnostic tests are needed. Despite ongoing research, early and cost-effective
diagnostic tools for TBM are lacking (6). The detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)
in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the gold standard for diagnosing TBM. Unfortunately the
sensitivity of both smear microscopy and culture for TBM is low (7, 8). Depending on the
reference standard employed, the sensitivity of the GeneXpert test (Cepheid Inc, USA) for TBM
is approximately 50-60%, and improved to 72% when centrifuged CSF was used in one study (9).
In a more recently published study conducted on HIV positive adults, however, the GeneXpert
performed with a sensitivity of 43% or 45%, compared to 43% or 45% for culture and 70% or 95%
for the GeneXpert Ultra, depending on which of the two reference standards were used (10).
Despite the relatively high roll-out of the GeneXpert test across South Africa, the test is
currently mostly offered at centralised laboratories. The availability of the test in other
African countries is limited. The diagnosis of TB relies on the poorly sensitive symptom
screening and smear microscopy, especially at rural health centres. Mtb culture facilities
are often only available at referral level laboratories and results might take up to 42 days.
The need for multiple health care visits leads to loss of follow-up and delayed diagnosis,
fuelling the spread of TB and advanced lung damage. In the case of TBM in particular, proper
diagnosis is only made upon admission in a tertiary level referral center. In routine
clinical practice, diagnosis is mostly based on a combination of clinical findings, multiple
laboratory tests on the CSF, imaging findings and the exclusion of common differential
diagnoses (11). Most of these techniques are unavailable in many high-burden, but
resource-constrained settings in most of sub-Saharan Africa. Children seen at primary and
secondary healthcare facilities often have multiple missed opportunities, up to six visits,
before eventual diagnosis of TBM is made in a relatively well-resourced setting in South
Africa (12). Findings from the CSF can be highly variable (13). Recently, international
experts have proposed new uniform case definitions that should be employed in future research
(14, 15) to replace the many different definitions in the literature (7, 8, 13, 16, 17). New
tests are therefore urgently needed for the diagnosis of TBM.
Point-of-care (POC) or bedside diagnostic tools are needed in Sub-Saharan Africa. Any new
tests for TBM must be rapid, easy to perform at the POC or bedside, and suitable for use in
resource-poor settings in African countries. Such tests should, therefore, preferably not use
laboratory instruments that require specialists to operate. They should use portable battery-
or solar-operated hand-held devices, suitable for use by nurses and community health workers
(18). Diagnostics based on the human immune response may provide important additions, which
are easily converted to POC or bedside diagnostic tools.
Host CSF protein signatures as diagnostic candidates for TBM. The investigators investigated
the potential of host markers detected in CSF samples from children suspected of having TBM
as diagnostic candidates for TBM (19). The investigators evaluated the levels of the host
biomarkers present in a standard BioPlex 27plex multiplex cytokine kit (Bio Rad Laboratories)
and other protein biomarkers in CSF and serum samples. An unsupervised hierarchical
clustering and principal component analysis, using the Glucore Omics explorer, revealed
significant clustering of patients with TBM by the biomarkers detected in the CSF.
A 3-marker host protein biosignature comprising vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),
interleukin (IL)-13 and the antibacterial peptide cathelicidin, LL-37, showed potential as a
diagnostic biosignature for TBM (international patent application: PCT/IB2015/052751) (19),
diagnosing TBM with an area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUC) of 0.91,
with sensitivity of 52%, but with good specificity of 95%. Since the publication of this
biosignature, the investigators have evaluated the diagnostic potential of >70 host
biomarkers in serum and plasma samples from adults suspected of having active pulmonary TB in
5 different African countries (South Africa, Namibia, Malawi, Uganda and Ethiopia) in an
EDCTP-funded trial (AE-TBC). The investigators identified, patented (PCT/IB2015/051435 and
PCT/IB2017/052142), and published 6- and 7-marker protein biosignatures with strong
diagnostic potential for TB (20, 21).
In a more recent study (South African Provisional Patent application; Manyelo et al 2019, in
press), the investigators hypothesized that at least some of the host biomarkers comprising
our adult protein biosignatures may be useful for TBM diagnostics. Funded by the South
African Technology Innovation Agency (PI: Chegou), the investigators prospectively enrolled a
new cohort of children suspected of having TBM at the Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Western
Cape, and determined the concentrations of 66 host biomarkers, in CSF samples from these
children. The investigators also included the 3 biomarkers that comprised our previous CSF
biosignature for TBM (VEGF, IL-13 and cathelicidin LL-37) (19) for validation purposes in
this new study; a total of 69 host protein biomarkers.
With the exception of VEGF (AUC of 0.81), the accuracy of the individual markers in the
previous 3-marker signature was poor (AUCs of 0.58 and 0.55, respectively, for IL-13 and
LL-37) but when used in combination the discrimination between TBM and no-TBM by the 3-marker
model was confirmed [AUC of 0.67 (95% CI: 0.52-0.83); sensitivity of 75% and specificity of
65%]. Forty-seven of the additional markers showed significant differences between the TBM
and no TBM groups (Mann Whitney U test), with 28 showing strong diagnostic potential, even as
individual markers (AUC ≥ 0.80). These markers include interferon (IFN)-γ, CCL18(MIP-4),
CXCL9, CCL1, CCL5(RANTES), IL-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, myeloperoxidase (MPO),
matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP), MMP-8, complement C2 (CC2), IL-10, total plasminogen
activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), CXCL8, IL-1β, alpha-2-antitrypsin(A1AT), CXCL10, granulocyte
colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), CC4, CC4b, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating
factor (GM-CSF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AB/BB, apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1),
mannose-binding lectin (MBL), ferritin, CC5a, serum amyloid P (SAP), and CC5.
Combinations of these biomarkers were investigated and using Linear Discriminant Analysis
(LDA) models. A 4-marker CSF biosignature comprising soluble intracellular adhesion molecule
(sICAM)-1, MPO, CXCL8 and IFN-γ diagnosed TBM with an AUC of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.92-1.00), with a
sensitivity of 87% (20/23) and specificity of 95.8% (23/24). After leave-one-out cross
validation, there was no change in the sensitivity and specificity of the 4-marker
biosignature. Further optimization of the 4-marker biosignature by the selection of better
cut-off values resulted in a sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 96%, respectively.
As VEGF performed well in single-marker analyses (19), the investigators evaluated the
potential accuracy of other biosignatures that included VEGF. A 3-marker model comprising
VEGF, IFN-γ and MPO discriminated with high accuracy between the children with and without
TBM. In leave-one-out cross validation and optimizations of best cut-off values, the
sensitivity and specificity of the 3-marker VEGF-based signature were 92% and 100%,
respectively.
Serum host protein signatures as diagnostic candidates for TBM. All 69 host markers
investigated in CSF samples were also investigated on serum samples using the Luminex
multiplex platform. The median serum levels of 17 analytes [sVCAM1, CCL2, IL-4, TNF-α, CCL4,
adipsin, SAP, CC5, CFH, G-CSF, IL-10, Apo-CIII, IL-17A, PAI-1(total), PDGF AB/BB, MBL and
NCAM1] were significantly different (p<0.05; Mann Whitney U test) between children with and
without TBM. When the diagnostic potential of individual serum biomarkers was assessed by ROC
curve analysis, 13 of the markers had promising AUC ≥ 0.70. LDA demonstrated that optimal
diagnosis of TBM was achieved using 3 markers. The most accurate 3-marker serum biosignature
for the diagnosis of TBM [adipsin (complement factor D), Ab42 and IL-10] diagnosed TBM with
an AUC of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.73-0.96), a sensitivity of 82.6% (19/23) and specificity of 75%
(18/24). In leave-one-out cross validation, the sensitivity remained 82.6% (19/23) with the
specificity decreasing to 70.3% (17/24). Further optimisation of the biosignature by
selection of better cut-off values resulted in an improved sensitivity and specificity of 83%
and 83%, respectively.
Biosensor-based diagnostic platform. The best performing CSF and serum biomarkers for TBM
will be incorporated into a novel POC diagnostic platform to be developed at the Engineering
Faculty, SU. The investigators have developed a prototype piezoelectric sensor using ZnO
nanowires, as well as a resistive sensing element based on an electrospun nanofiber mesh
(22). The device successfully detected E. coli (23). The investigators have also used this
technique to detect small quantities of the protein LC3, a biomarker for autophagy activity
and as part of a recent masters project, the platform was capable of detecting IFN-γ, a key
TB biomarker in fg/ml ranges, thus demonstrating its potential high sensitivity.
We will use a similar approach to develop a multi-biomarker based prototype test that is
capable of detecting up to 4 biomarkers in serum or CSF, and prospectively evaluate the test
on 300 newly recruited children with suspected TBM (Aim 3).
OVERALL OBJECTIVE The main objective is to validate previously identified host serum and CSF
biomarkers and to develop a biosensor-based POC test for the diagnosis of TBM, based on these
biomarkers.
The investigators propose to identify a panel of correlated biomarkers that showed potential
in previous studies. This will be done to identify biomarkers which can be substituted with
each other as the transition from a laboratory-based technological platform such as Luminex
to a POC test using a biosensor-based technology is likely to be faced by the loss of some of
the markers due to technical reasons or due to unavailability of some of the markers due to
antibody ownership or cost issues. Highly correlated markers can then substitute such
markers. The investigators will test which set of biomarkers works best in the POC diagnostic
test platform. Finally, the investigators will evaluate the prototype test prospectively in a
new cohort of 300 study participants with suspected TBM as described below.
The prototype test will be based on the best biosignature of CSF or serum biomarkers,
depending on which performs best. However, developing the test based on serum biomarkers may
be advantageous as CSF samples are difficult to collect. Furthermore, a test based on serum
biomarkers may be easily converted to a fingerprick based test, which will be much easier to
implement in resource-constrained settings. The investigators are currently evaluating a
fingerprick screening test for adult TB based on host biomarkers discovered and validated in
serum samples as part of an EDCTP2-funded consortium (www.screen-tb.eu).
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