Group Motivational Interviewing (GMI) For Homeless Veterans In VA Services

Substance-related Disorders Clinical Trial

Official title:

Group Motivational Interviewing (GMI) For Homeless Veterans In VA Services

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT02233738
• Other study ID #: IIR 13-317
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: September 30, 2015
• Est. completion date: July 17, 2018

Study information

• Verified date: July 2023
• Source: VA Office of Research and Development
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Homeless Veterans with substance use disorders (SUDs) are a major group served by VA and are heavily represented in VA housing. VA recently adopted a 'Housing First' approach emphasizing rapid housing placement to initiate recovery without requiring sobriety and will necessitate SUD interventions that are efficient and easily layered onto existing services. The proposed study will investigate the effectiveness, implementation process, and cost estimate of Group Motivational Interviewing (GMI) for Veterans with SUDs in VA housing (Housing Urban Development-VA Support Housing [HUD-VASH] and Grant and per Diem [GPD]). Outcomes will be assessed at multiple time points using a multi-modal approach. The ultimate goal of this research is to establish the basis of a GMI dissemination and implementation course of action for highly vulnerable homeless Veterans in VA housing for achieving their greatest success in attaining housing stability.

Description:

Anticipated Impacts on Veterans Health Care:

VA set an ambitious goal for ending homelessness among Veterans by 2015. Housing Urban Development-VA Support Housing [HUD-VASH] and Grant and per Diem [GPD] are two primary VA housing programs to help Veterans exit homelessness. Substance abuse among Veterans in VA housing is a major risk factor for worsening psychopathology and housing instability. Despite recent adoption of a Housing First approach, many VA housing programs lack the staff infrastructure to manage substance use disorders (SUDs). This is a significant problem as 60% (conservative estimate) of Veterans in VA housing have SUDs and these Veterans show greater psychopathology compared to their counterparts without SUDs. These issues warrant substantial need for SUD programs in VA housing that are efficient to deploy, easily layered onto existing services, and require minimal staff to operate. The current study addresses this current void in VA treatment services in that it investigates the effectiveness, implementation process, and cost estimate of treatment of an adaptation of motivational interviewing, an empirically supported intervention with strong impact on reducing substance use and enhancing treatment engagement, in a group format, referred to as Group Motivational Interviewing (GMI) for Veterans with SUDs in VA housing. Data from this project, if shown to be promising, will establish the basis of a GMI dissemination and implementation course of action for highly vulnerable homeless Veterans in VA housing for achieving their greatest success in attaining housing stability.

Background:

There is a significant need for 'wraparound' treatment services in VA housing for addressing SUDs. Homeless Veterans with SUDs are vulnerable to treatment dropout, rendering them susceptible to relapse, while their continuation in outpatient care during their participation in VA housing leads to improved clinical outcomes. According to systematic reviews, individual motivational interviewing reduces the incidence of substance use disorders, when compared to no treatment, but is labor intensive. As VA moves toward a 'Housing First' paradigm where greater numbers of homeless Veterans will continue to use substances while in VA housing, delivery of GMI (which may be less labor intensive) to these patients will be important for initiating and maintaining their recovery as well as enhancing their psychosocial integration and quality of life. In a prior controlled trial conducted by the Principal Investigator, GMI resulted in significantly higher outpatient treatment engagement and lower substance use compared to treatment-as-usual among dually diagnosed Veterans.

Objectives:

Study objectives are consistent with VA housing recommendations focusing on patient recovery, health services promotion, and treatment implementation evaluation. GMI will be compared to a control treatment condition (CT) on (Specific Aim I; Five outcomes: (Primary Hypothesis 1): treatment engagement; (Primary Hypothesis 1): substance use; (Secondary H2): psychosocial integration (e.g., social support, community participation); (Secondary H3) quality of life/psychiatric indices; and (Secondary H4): number of days engaging in structured/productive work activities in the 6-month follow up. Specific Aim II involves a process evaluation for documenting (A) formative (e.g., developmental), (B) process, and (C) summative outcomes; and Specific Aim III involves estimation of cost of intervention in terms of direct costs, indirect costs of staff, costs of capital and workload measures for future implementation and dissemination research.

Methods:

Randomized controlled trial comparing GMI to control treatment (CT) across five critical outcomes. 186 Veterans in VA housing services (93 per treatment arm) will be enrolled with a diagnosis of alcohol or drug abuse/dependence. Recruitment will take place in Charleston VA Medical Center HUD-VASH & GPD. Participants will be randomly assigned to (1) GMI or (2) CT, each consisting of 4 sessions, and will be evaluated at 1, 3, and 6 months. Participants with a non-substance related DSM-V disorder (e.g., major depressive disorder, PTSD) will be eligible for the study. Analyses will be conducted using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) approach.

Significance to Veterans:

Homeless Veterans with SUDs represent one of the largest and most chronic groups of psychiatric patients treated in the VA Healthcare System. With the ongoing execution of VA's "Plan to End Veteran Homelessness," Veterans entering housing require interventions that can be feasibly implemented with minimal reorganization of existing services. GMI is based on motivational interviewing, an empirically valid treatment that aligns with Veteran-centered recovery models including Harm Reduction and more traditional treatment philosophies. The investment in GMI for VA housing may be minimal as it requires only a few staff to operate in relatively short time (e.g., 4 sessions, 90-min each) with modest (20 hours) staff training. It can be layered onto existing services with little interruption or reorganization of staff, and it has potential to be offered to larger numbers of Veterans with SUDs in VA housing who would otherwise not receive this intervention.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 185
• Est. completion date: July 17, 2018
• Est. primary completion date: July 17, 2018
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years to 75 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Men and women Veterans currently in Housing Urban Development-VA Support Housing [HUD-VASH] and Grant and per Diem [GPD]), newly entering the program but not yet housed, or Veterans on the HUD-VASH interest (wait) list.

• Able to comprehend English.

• Meets DSM-V criteria for a current substance use disorder and have used substances in the 30 days prior to treatment entry. Participants on medications targeting their substance use must be stabilized on medications for at least 2 weeks before therapy initiation.

• May meet criteria a mood, anxiety or other psychiatric disorder. Participants on maintenance medications for a mood or anxiety disorder must be stabilized on medications for at least 2 weeks before therapy initiation.

• Able to adequately provide informed consent and function at an intellectual level sufficient to allow accurate completion of all assessment instruments.

• Willing to commit to 4 group therapy sessions, baseline, 1, 3, and 6 month follow-up assessments.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Active suicidal or homicidal ideation with a plan as this is likely to require hospitalization or other interventions that could interfere with study participation.

• Unstable psychiatric condition that is likely to require hospitalization or other interventions that would interfere with study participation.

• Unstable medical condition or one that may require hospitalization during the course of the study.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Alcoholism
• Dual Diagnosis
• Substance-related Disorders

Intervention

Behavioral:
• Group Motivational Interviewing (GMI)
Participants randomized to Group Motivational Interviewing (GMI) will receive four structured, back-to-back, 90-minute sessions consistent with the central principles and spirit of Motivational Interviewing (MI). GMI, which is based on a manualized protocol, is specifically designed for dually diagnosed Veterans. A focus of the intervention creates awareness of the relationship between the substance use and co-existing psychiatric disorder and the importance of treating both.
• Control Treatment Condition (CT)
Control Treatment Condition (CT): Participants in CT will attend four sessions equal in time and length to GMI (i.e., 90 minutes) and will involve the following topics: A popular 'box activity': participants will anonymously write evocative questions on slips of paper involving their personal concerns that are placed in a box and, when randomly selected, opened for group discussion (e.g., "How do I talk to my family about my alcohol problem?"), money management with feedback (2 sessions), and cooking-home maintenance.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC	Charleston	South Carolina

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
VA Office of Research and Development

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (4)

Gebregziabher M, Voronca D, Teklehaimanot A, Santa Ana EJ. Weibull mixture regression for marginal inference in zero-heavy continuous outcomes. Stat Methods Med Res. 2017 Jun;26(3):1476-1499. doi: 10.1177/0962280215583402. Epub 2015 Apr 22. — View Citation

Jaconis M, Santa Ana EJ, Killeen TK, Badour CL, Back SE. Concurrent treatment of PTSD and alcohol use disorder via telehealth in a female Iraq veteran. Am J Addict. 2017 Mar;26(2):112-114. doi: 10.1111/ajad.12481. Epub 2017 Jan 24. — View Citation

Santa Ana EJ, LaRowe SD, Armeson K, Lamb KE, Hartwell K. Impact of group motivational interviewing on enhancing treatment engagement for homeless Veterans with nicotine dependence and other substance use disorders: A pilot investigation. Am J Addict. 2016 — View Citation

Shorey RC, Martino S, Lamb KE, LaRowe SD, Santa Ana EJ. Change talk and relatedness in group motivational interviewing: a pilot study. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2015 Apr;51:75-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2014.11.003. Epub 2014 Nov 20. — View Citation

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Standard Ethanol Content Units (SECs) Baseline	The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 30 days prior to baseline. Amount of alcohol consumption was converted to standard ethanol content units (SECs; or standard drinks) equivalent to 0.5 oz. of ethanol. This measure represents ALL standard drinks consumed within the stated time period.	30 days prior to Baseline
Primary	Standard Ethanol Content Units (SECs) at 1 Month	The 1-month follow-up was conducted 30 days after day 1 of the treatment group. The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 30 days prior to 1-month follow-up. Amount of alcohol consumption was converted to standard ethanol content units (SECs; or standard drinks) equivalent to 0.5 oz. of ethanol. This measure represents ALL standard drinks consumed within the stated time period.	1 month
Primary	Standard Ethanol Content Units (SECs) at 3 Months	The 3-month follow-up was conducted 60 days after the 1-month follow-up. The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 60 days prior to 3-month follow-up. Amount of alcohol consumption was converted to standard ethanol content units (SECs; or standard drinks) equivalent to 0.5 oz. of ethanol. This measure represents ALL standard drinks consumed within the stated time period.	3 months
Primary	Standard Ethanol Content Units (SECs) at 6 Months	The 6-month follow-up was conducted 90 days after the 3-month follow-up. The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 90 days prior to 6-month follow-up. Amount of alcohol consumption was converted to standard ethanol content units (SECs; or standard drinks) equivalent to 0.5 oz. of ethanol. This measure represents ALL standard drinks consumed within the stated time period.	6 months
Primary	Peak SEC at Baseline	The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 30 days prior to baseline. Amount of alcohol consumption was converted to standard ethanol content units (SECs; or standard drinks) equivalent to 0.5 oz. of ethanol. This measure represents the most standard drinks consumed in a single day within the stated time period.	30 days prior to Baseline
Primary	Peak SEC at 1 Month	The 1-month follow-up was conducted 30 days after day 1 of the treatment group. The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 30 days prior to 1-month follow-up. Amount of alcohol consumption was converted to standard ethanol content units (SECs; or standard drinks) equivalent to 0.5 oz. of ethanol. This measure represents the most standard drinks consumed on a single day within the stated time period.	1 month
Primary	Peak SEC at 3 Months	The 3-month follow-up was conducted 60 days after the 1-month follow-up. The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 60 days prior to 3-month follow-up. Amount of alcohol consumption was converted to standard ethanol content units (SECs; or standard drinks) equivalent to 0.5 oz. of ethanol. This measure represents the most standard drinks consumed on a single day within the stated time period.	3 months
Primary	Peak SEC at 6 Months	The 6-month follow-up was conducted 90 days after the 3-month follow-up. The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 90 days prior to 6-month follow-up. Amount of alcohol consumption was converted to standard ethanol content units (SECs; or standard drinks) equivalent to 0.5 oz. of ethanol. This measure represents the most standard drinks consumed on a single day within the stated time period.	6 months
Primary	Alcohol Drink Days at Baseline	The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 30 days prior to Baseline. This measure represents the number of days any alcohol was consumed within the stated time period.	30 days prior to Baseline
Primary	Alcohol Drink Days at 1 Month	The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 30 days after day 1 of the treatment group. This measure represents the number of days any alcohol was consumed within the stated time period.	1 month
Primary	Alcohol Drink Days at 3 Months	The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 60 days prior to 3-month follow-up. This measure represents the number of days any alcohol was consumed within the stated time period.	3 months
Primary	Alcohol Drink Days at 6 Months	The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 90 days prior to 6-month follow-up. This measure represents the number of days any alcohol was consumed within the stated time period.	6 months
Primary	Binge Drink Days at Baseline	The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 30 days prior to Baseline. This measure represents the number of days the participant binge drank (5 or more standard drinks on a single day for males; 4 or more standard drinks on a single day for females).	30 days prior to Baseline
Primary	Binge Drink Days at 1 Month	The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 30 days prior to 1-month follow-up. This measure represents the number of days the participant binge drank (5 or more standard drinks on a single day for males; 4 or more standard drinks on a single day for females) within the stated time period.	1 month
Primary	Binge Drink Days at 3 Months	The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 60 days prior to 3-month follow-up. This measure represents the number of days the participant binge drank (5 or more standard drinks on a single day for males; 4 or more standard drinks on a single day for females) within the stated time period.	3 months
Primary	Binge Drink Days at 6 Months	The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 90 days prior to 6-month follow-up. This measure represents the number of days the participant binge drank (5 or more standard drinks on a single day for males; 4 or more standard drinks on a single day for females) within the stated time period.	6 months
Primary	Illicit Drug Use Days at Baseline	The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of drug use in the 30 days prior to Baseline. This measure represents the number of illicit drug use days within the stated time period.	30 days prior to Baseline
Primary	Illicit Drug Use Days at 1 Month	The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 30 days prior to 1-month follow-up. This measure represents the number of illicit drug use days within the stated time period.	1 month
Primary	Illicit Drug Use Days at 3 Months	The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 60 days prior to 3-month follow-up. This measure represents the number of illicit drug use days within the stated time period.	3 months
Primary	Illicit Drug Use Days at 6 Months	The Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) calendar was used to assess retrospective self-report of alcohol in the 90 days prior to 6-month follow-up. This measure represents the number of illicit drug use days within the stated time period.	6 months
Primary	Substance Use Disorder Treatment Sessions at Baseline	A Treatment Attendance Calendar was used to record the number of objective treatment sessions documented in each participants VA Computerized Patient Record System for the 30 days prior to Baseline. Treatment sessions included the outpatient substance use disorder treatment group sessions and individual sessions.	30 days prior to Baseline
Primary	Substance Use Disorder Treatment Sessions at 1 Month	A Treatment Attendance Calendar was used to record the number of objective treatment sessions documented in each participants VA Computerized Patient Record System for the 30 days prior to 1-month follow-up. Treatment sessions included the outpatient substance use disorder treatment group sessions and individual sessions.	1 month
Primary	Substance Use Disorder Treatment Sessions at 3 Months	A Treatment Attendance Calendar was used to record the number of objective treatment sessions documented in each participants VA Computerized Patient Record System for the 60 days prior to 3-month follow-up. Treatment sessions included the outpatient substance use disorder treatment group sessions and individual sessions.	3 months
Primary	Substance Use Disorder Treatment Sessions at 6 Months	A Treatment Attendance Calendar was used to record the number of objective treatment sessions documented in each participants VA Computerized Patient Record System for the 60 days prior to 6-month follow-up. Treatment sessions included the outpatient substance use disorder treatment group sessions and individual sessions.	6 months
Primary	Twelve-Step Sessions Attended at Baseline	A Treatment Attendance Calendar was used to record the number of self-reported 12-step sessions attended 30 days prior to Baseline.	30 days prior to Baseline
Primary	Twelve-Step Sessions Attended at 1 Month	A Treatment Attendance Calendar was used to record the number of self-reported 12-step sessions attended 30 days prior to 1-month follow-up.	1 month
Primary	Twelve-Step Sessions Attended at 3 Months	A Treatment Attendance Calendar was used to record the number of self-reported 12-step sessions attended 60 days prior to 3-month follow-up.	3 months
Primary	Twelve-Step Sessions Attended at 6 Months	A Treatment Attendance Calendar was used to record the number of self-reported 12-step sessions attended in the 90 days prior to 6-month follow-up.	6 months
Primary	Times Involved in Community Participation Activities at Baseline	A calendar was used to record the number of times a participant participated in an activity in the community (e.g. museum, library, baseball game) in the 30 days prior to Baseline.	30 days prior to Baseline
Primary	Times Involved in Community Participation Activities at 1 Month	A calendar was used to record the number of times a participant participated in an activity in the community (e.g. museum, library, baseball game) in the 30 days prior to 1-month follow-up.	1 month
Primary	Times Involved in Community Participation Activities at 3 Months	A calendar was used to record the number of times a participant participated in an activity in the community (e.g. museum, library, baseball game) in the 60 days prior to 3-month follow-up.	3 months
Primary	Times Involved in Community Participation Activities at 6 Months	A calendar was used to record the number of times a participant participated in an activity in the community (e.g. museum, library, baseball game) in the 90 days prior to 6-month follow-up.	6 months
Primary	Days Involved in Productive Work Activities at Baseline	A calendar was used to record the number of times a participant participated in a productive work activity (e.g. volunteered or worked at a job) in the 30 days prior to Baseline.	30 days prior to Baseline
Primary	Days Involved in Productive Work Activities at 1 Month	A calendar was used to record the number of times a participant participated in a productive work activity (e.g. volunteered or worked at a job) in the 30 days prior to 1-month follow-up.	1 month
Primary	Days Involved in Productive Work Activities at 3 Months	A calendar was used to record the number of times a participant participated in a productive work activity (e.g. volunteered or worked at a job) in the 60 days prior to 3-month follow-up	3 months
Primary	Days Involved in Productive Work Activities at 6 Months	A calendar was used to record the number of times a participant participated in a productive work activity (e.g. volunteered or worked at a job) in the 90 days prior to 6-month follow-up.	6 months
Secondary	Mental Health Treatment Sessions at Baseline	A Treatment Attendance Calendar was used to record the number of objective treatment sessions documented in each participants VA Computerized Patient Record System for the 30 days prior to Baseline. Treatment sessions included individual sessions with outpatient mental health staff.	30 days prior to Baseline
Secondary	Mental Health Treatment Sessions at 1 Month	A Treatment Attendance Calendar was used to record the number of objective treatment sessions documented in each participants VA Computerized Patient Record System for the 30 days prior to 1-month follow-up. Treatment sessions included individual sessions with outpatient mental health staff.	1 Month
Secondary	Mental Health Treatment Sessions at 3 Months	A Treatment Attendance Calendar was used to record the number of objective treatment sessions documented in each participants VA Computerized Patient Record System for the 60 days prior to 3-month follow-up. Treatment sessions included individual sessions with outpatient mental health staff.	3 Months
Secondary	Mental Health Treatment Sessions at 6 Months	A Treatment Attendance Calendar was used to record the number of objective treatment sessions documented in each participants VA Computerized Patient Record System for the 90 days prior to 6-month follow-up. Treatment sessions included individual sessions with outpatient mental health staff.	6 Months
Secondary	Substance Use Disorder and Mental Health Treatment Sessions at Baseline	This specific measure combined the number substance use disorder treatment sessions and mental health treatment sessions attended for the 30 days prior to Baseline.	30 days prior to Baseline
Secondary	Substance Use Disorder and Mental Health Treatment Sessions at 1 Month	This specific measure combined the number substance use disorder treatment sessions and mental health treatment sessions attended for the 30 days prior to 1-month follow-up.	1 Month
Secondary	Substance Use Disorder and Mental Health Treatment Sessions at 3 Months	This specific measure combined the number substance use disorder treatment sessions and mental health treatment sessions attended for the 60 days prior to 3-month follow-up.	3 Months
Secondary	Substance Use Disorder and Mental Health Treatment Sessions at 6 Months	This specific measure combined the number substance use disorder treatment sessions and mental health treatment sessions attended for the 90 days prior to 6-month follow-up.	6 Months
Secondary	Addiction Severity Index-Lite (ASI-Lite) at Baseline for Alcohol Use	The ASI-Lite will be used to measure addiction severity Min value:0 Max value: 1 Higher score indicates greater problem severity	30 days prior to Baseline
Secondary	Addiction Severity Index-Lite (ASI-Lite) at 1 Month for Alcohol Use	The ASI-Lite will be used to measure addiction severity Min value:0 Max value: 1 Higher score indicates greater problem severity	1 month
Secondary	Addiction Severity Index-Lite (ASI-Lite) at 3 Months for Alcohol Use	The ASI-Lite will be used to measure addiction severity Min value:0 Max value: 1 Higher score indicates greater problem severity	3 months
Secondary	Addiction Severity Index-Lite (ASI-Lite) at 6 Months for Alcohol Use	The ASI-Lite will be used to measure addiction severity Min value:0 Max value: 1 Higher score indicates greater problem severity	6 months
Secondary	Addiction Severity Index-Lite (ASI-Lite) at Baseline for Psychiatric Status	The ASI-Lite will be used to measure addiction severity Min value:0 Max value: 1 Higher score indicates greater problem severity	30 days prior to Baseline
Secondary	Addiction Severity Index-Lite (ASI-Lite) at 1 Month for Psychiatric Status	The ASI-Lite will be used to measure addiction severity Min value:0 Max value: 1 Higher score indicates greater problem severity	30 days
Secondary	Addiction Severity Index-Lite (ASI-Lite) at 3 Month for Psychiatric Status	The ASI-Lite will be used to measure addiction severity Min value:0 Max value: 1 Higher score indicates greater problem severity	3 months
Secondary	Addiction Severity Index-Lite (ASI-Lite) at 6 Months for Psychiatric Status	The ASI-Lite will be used to measure addiction severity Min value:0 Max value: 1 Higher score indicates greater problem severity	6 months
Secondary	Short Inventory of Problems (SIP) at Baseline	Min value:0 Max value: 45 Higher score indicates higher number of consequences from alcohol and drug use	30 days prior to Baseline
Secondary	Short Inventory of Problems at 1 Month	Min value:0 Max value: 45 Higher score indicates higher number of consequences from alcohol and drug use	1 month
Secondary	Short Inventory of Problems at 3 Months	Min value:0 Max value: 45 Higher score indicates higher number of consequences from alcohol and drug use	3 months
Secondary	Short Inventory of Problems at 6 Months	Min value:0 Max value: 45 Higher score indicates higher number of consequences from alcohol and drug use	6 months
Secondary	Social Support Survey Total Score at Baseline	Min value:19 Max value:95 Higher score indicates higher support	30 days prior to Baseline
Secondary	Social Support Survey Total Score at 1 Month	Min value:19 Max value:95 Higher score indicates higher support	30 days prior to 1-month follow-up
Secondary	Social Support Survey Total Score at 3 Months	Min value:19 Max value:95 Higher score indicates higher support	60 days prior to 3-month follow-up
Secondary	Social Support Survey Total Score at 6 Months	Min value:19 Max value:95 Higher score indicates higher support	90 days prior to 6-month follow-up
Secondary	Quality of Life Survey (QOLS) at Baseline	Min value:16 Max value:112 Higher score indicates higher quality of life	30 days prior to Baseline
Secondary	Quality of Life Survey (QOLS) at 1 Month	Min value:16 Max value:112 Higher score indicates higher quality of life	1 month
Secondary	Quality of Life Survey (QOLS) at 3 Months	Min value:16 Max value:112 Higher score indicates higher quality of life	3 months
Secondary	Quality of Life Survey (QOLS) at 6 Months	Min value:16 Max value:112 Higher score indicates higher quality of life	6 months
Secondary	Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) at Baseline	Min value:0 Max value:72 Higher score indicates higher psychological distress	30 days prior to Baseline
Secondary	Brief Symptom Inventory(BSI-18) at 1 Month	Min value:0 Max value:72 Higher score indicates higher psychological distress	1 month
Secondary	Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) at 3 Months	Min value:0 Max value:72 Higher score indicates higher psychological distress	3 months
Secondary	Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) at 6 Months	Min value:0 Max value:72 Higher score indicates higher psychological distress	6 months
Secondary	SF-12 Health Survey Physical Summary Score at Baseline	Physical summary items are summed and weighed Min value:0 Max value:100 Higher score indicates higher level of health	30 days prior to Baseline
Secondary	SF-12 Health Survey Physical Summary Score at 1 Month	Physical summary items are summed and weighed Min value:0 Max value:100 Higher score indicates higher level of health	1 month
Secondary	SF-12 Health Survey Physical Summary Score at 3 Months	Physical summary items are summed and weighed Min value:0 Max value:100 Higher score indicates higher level of health	3 months
Secondary	SF-12 Health Survey Physical Summary Score at 6 Months	Physical summary items are summed and weighed Min value:0 Max value:100 Higher score indicates higher level of health	6 months
Secondary	SF-12 Health Survey Mental Summary Score at Baseline	Mental summary items are summed and weighed Min value:0 Max value:100 Higher score indicates higher level of health	30 days prior to Baseline
Secondary	SF-12 Health Survey Mental Summary Score at 1 Month	Mental summary items are summed and weighed Min value:0 Max value:100 Higher score indicates higher level of health	1 month
Secondary	SF-12 Health Survey Mental Summary Score at 3 Months	Mental summary items are summed and weighed Min value:0 Max value:100 Higher score indicates higher level of health	3 months
Secondary	SF-12 Health Survey Mental Summary Score at 6 Months	Mental summary items are summed and weighed Min value:0 Max value:100 Higher score indicates higher level of health	6 months
Secondary	Treatment Motivation Questionnaire (TMQ) at Baseline	The TMQ will be used to measure self-reported interest in attending treatment Scores within each subscale are averaged; External: Min value:1 Max value:7 External:Higher score indicates higher external reasons for attending treatment (e.g.referred to treatment by legal system); Internal: Min value:1 Max value:7 Internal: Higher score indicates higher internal reasons for attending treatment (e.g. personal choice to attend treatment)	30 days prior to Baseline
Secondary	Treatment Motivation Questionnaire (TMQ) at 1-month	The TMQ will be used to measure self-reported interest in attending treatment Scores within each subscale are averaged; External: Min value:1 Max value:7 External:Higher score indicates higher external reasons for attending treatment (e.g.referred to treatment by legal system); Internal: Min value:1 Max value:7 Internal: Higher score indicates higher internal reasons for attending treatment (e.g. personal choice to attend treatment)	30 days prior to 1-month follow-up
Secondary	Treatment Motivation Questionnaire (TMQ) at 3-month	The TMQ will be used to measure self-reported interest in attending treatment Scores within each subscale are averaged; External: Min value:1 Max value:7 External:Higher score indicates higher external reasons for attending treatment (e.g.referred to treatment by legal system); Internal: Min value:1 Max value:7 Internal: Higher score indicates higher internal reasons for attending treatment (e.g. personal choice to attend treatment)	60 days prior to 3-month follow-up
Secondary	Treatment Motivation Questionnaire (TMQ) at 6-months	The TMQ will be used to measure self-reported interest in attending treatment Scores within each subscale are averaged; External: Min value:1 Max value:7 External:Higher score indicates higher external reasons for attending treatment (e.g.referred to treatment by legal system); Internal: Min value:1 Max value:7 Internal: Higher score indicates higher internal reasons for attending treatment (e.g. personal choice to attend treatment)	90 days prior to 6-month follow-up
Secondary	Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence at Baseline	Min:0 Max:10 Higher score indicates higher level of nicotine dependence	30 days prior to Baseline
Secondary	Psychiatric Outpatient Satisfaction Scale - Total Score	Min:13 Max:65 Higher score indicates better satisfaction	1 month
Secondary	Helping Alliance Questionnaire - Total Score	Participant completed assessment on the final day of group and rated therapist based on their interactions over the 4 days.; Min:19 Max:114 Higher score indicates stronger alliance with therapist	Completed during session 4 of treatment group (i.e. the final treatment session)