Sleep Clinical Trial
Official title:
A Cross-sectional, Randomised-controlled Study to Investigate the Effect of HDF vs HD in Sleep Apnoea
Sleep disturbance is a significant issue in people undergoing dialysis. More than 80% of
haemodialysis patients complain of difficulty sleeping. Inadequate sleep can cause poor
daytime function and increased risk of motor vehicle incidents.
One of the common reasons for sleep disturbance in dialysis patients is sleep apnoea. Sleep
apnoea involves pauses in breathing that occur during sleep. Each pause can last only a few
seconds or minutes. Severe sleep apnoea reduces oxygen supply and increases risk of heart
attack and stroke, which are the leading causes of death in dialysis patients.
In this project, the investigators will examine how a change of dialysis treatment might
improve sleep. This project will first identify patients at risk of sleep disturbance using
surveys and a subsequent sleep study. The investigators will then test different dialysis
models to see the effect of dialysis treatment on sleep apnoea. The aim is to find a dialysis
model that works better for patients with sleep apnoea.
Sleep Problem in Dialysis Patients Sleep apnoea is a significant issue in patients with end
stage kidney disease. Evidence suggests that up to 80% of dialysis patients have sleep apnoea
[1], yet the standard haemodialysis treatment does not improve the symptoms of sleep
disturbance in most patients [2].
Sleep disturbance is specifically associated with poor quality of life (QoL) [4]; decreased
mental and physical function, and adversely impact survival [5-7]. Recent data also suggest
that the low oxygen state resulting from sleep apnoea can exaggerate the deterioration of
kidney function and increase risk of high blood pressure, cardiovascular abnormality and
overall death rates [8]. Despite the significance of sleep apnoea, it is acknowledged that
there is insufficient evidence for clinicians to manage this common symptom burden in the
dialysis population [9]; and patients who receive maintenance dialysis today still experience
poor QoL and worse survival rates compared with most common cancer sufferers [10].
Knowledge Gap It is believed that the mechanism of sleep apnoea in dialysis patients are
related to overactive chemoreceptors, which cause destabilisation of the respiratory drive
and periodic breathing during the night [13]. Since the chemoreceptors can be triggered by
inflammatory blood toxins, which accumulate in kidney failure [14], it is proposed that
better clearance of these molecules can improve symptoms and outcomes of sleep apnoea. These
molecules are poorly removed by standard haemodialysis [15] and are thought to cause the
symptomatic effects of poor kidney function and inflammation, which are associated with poor
sleep quality [16].
Better dialysis treatment may play an important role in the management of sleep apnoea.
Previous studies have suggested that sleep apnoea may be improved by nocturnal dialysis; an
intensive treatment which patients undergo at home, during sleep, for 8-10 hours every night.
It provides better blood purification, compared with standard haemodialysis treatment.
However, nocturnal dialysis is a home therapy which is not viable for the majority of
haemodialysis patients who require care in a clinical setting. There is clearly a need to
explore the effectiveness of dialysis treatment on sleep apnoea using a different dialysis
model.
Modern dialysis technology, such as Haemodiafiltration (HDF), allows for better removal of
toxic molecules such as beta 2 microglobulin (B2M) and C-Reactive protein (CRP), than
standard haemodialysis treatment, and may offer the benefits of nocturnal dialysis to all
dialysis patients. No one has examined the effect of HDF on sleep apnoea in haemodialysis
patients, and the investigators will answer this question in this study.
Research Aims
1. To determine the prevalence of sleep apnoea in the local dialysis population using a
validated questionnaire and sleep study. Although sleep apnoea is recognised as common
in the dialysis population, there is a need to reproduce this data in the context of
local dialysis services to accurately identify affected patients
2. To examine the effect of HDF compared conventional haemodialysis on health status and
sleep quality in patients with sleep apnoea, using a randomised cross-over trial (RCT)
3. To determine if the clearance of middle-sized uraemic toxins improves symptoms of sleep
apnoea. The middle-sized molecules to be assessed in this study include C-Reactive
protein (CRP), beta 2-microglobulin (β2M), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α),
interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 8 (IL-8), which are the serum inflammatory markers
that are commonly found in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.
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