Reducing Empiric VAncomycin Use in Pediatric Suspected Sepsis

Sepsis Clinical Trial

— REVAMP  

Official title:

Reducing Empiric VAncomycin Use in Pediatric Suspected Sepsis (REVAMP-Sepsis)

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT05975671
• Other study ID #: 21-019410
• Secondary ID: U54CK000610-02-0
• Status: Recruiting
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: August 21, 2023
• Est. completion date: January 2026

Study information

• Verified date: September 2023
• Source: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
• Contact: Kathleen Chiotos, MD, MSCE
• Phone: 215-590-5505
• Email: chiotosk[@]chop.edu
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

The goal of this quasi-experimental interventional study is to determine the effectiveness of a multifaceted stewardship intervention in reducing overall vancomycin use in five tertiary care Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU). There are two groups of subjects in this study: PICU clinicians/sepsis stakeholders and patients admitted to one of the participating PICUs during the study period. The intervention will at a minimum include: - Implementation of a clinical guideline indicating when vancomycin should and should not be used - Unit-level feedback on overall vancomycin use within and across centers - Clinician education.

Description:

Vancomycin is among the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in United States children's hospitals, and inappropriate use of vancomycin is common. Given the high prevalence of acute kidney injury associated with vancomycin of up to 25%, reducing vancomycin overuse is a key opportunity to reduce preventable patient harm. The primary objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of a multifaceted stewardship intervention in reducing overall vancomycin use in five tertiary care PICUs. This intervention will be informed by baseline data surrounding vancomycin use and infections due to organisms requiring vancomycin therapy which will allow selective use of vancomycin, as well as a concurrent mixed methods process and formative evaluation to inform implementation of the intervention. During the baseline period, Electronic Health Record (EHR) data will be used to retrospectively quantify unit-level vancomycin use over 24 months (measured as vancomycin days of therapy [DOT]/1000 patient days), as well as the frequency of vancomycin use and prevalence of infections due to organisms requiring vancomycin therapy among patients with suspected and confirmed sepsis. During the post-intervention period, which will last approximately 24 months, a multifaceted stewardship intervention to reduce vancomycin use informed by these baseline data, including: - The creation of a consensus guideline for vancomycin use; - Ad hoc education related to vancomycin overuse, and; - Unit-level feedback on vancomycin prescribing. The feedback on vancomycin use will be provided to clinicians at each site, both within their site (to compare to past performance) and across sites (to compare local performance to the performance of other sites). This intervention will be locally adapted by the investigative team and sepsis stakeholders at each site. Data from the EHR will be used to assess vancomycin use (DOT/1000 patient days), as well as the secondary outcomes. Investigators will perform semi-structured interviews and repeat surveys 9 months after the implementation of the intervention. This mixed-methods process and formative evaluation will help investigators understand which elements of implementation were successful and which were not.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Recruiting
• Enrollment: 52500
• Est. completion date: January 2026
• Est. primary completion date: August 2025
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: N/A and older

Eligibility

Patient Inclusion Criteria:

• Admitted to one of the participating PICUs during the study period

Patient Exclusion Criteria:

• None

Clinician Inclusion Criteria:

1. PICU prescribing clinician (including attending physicians, fellows, residents, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants) OR sepsis stakeholder (leader of sepsis quality improvement work, medical director) at one of the participating sites at the time the survey is deployed

2. Age = 18 years old

3. Employed by one of the participating sites

Clinician Exclusion Criteria:

1. Volunteers or other non-employee hospital staff

2. Limited English proficiency

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Bacteremia
• Sepsis
• Sepsis, Severe
• Septic Shock
• Toxemia

Intervention

Behavioral:
• Multifaceted de-implementation strategy to reduce vancomycin overuse
Clinical guidelines and group-level feedback on vancomycin use will be provided to clinicians/sepsis stakeholders at each site. The semi-structured interviews will be performed by a trained member of the research team, under the supervision of a medical sociologist who is one of the co-investigators. A semi-structured interview guide will be used during the interviews. Interviews will be recorded and transcribed, then uploaded to a qualitative analysis software for management and coding. Names will not be recorded, and pseudonyms will be used in notes, communications about the study, and any presentations. Verbal consent will be obtained before conducting and recording the interviews. The surveys will be performed using REDCap survey software, and participation will be voluntary. No identifiers will be collected.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	Children's Healthcare of Atlanta	Atlanta	Georgia
United States	Johns Hopkins Children's Center	Baltimore	Maryland
United States	Children's Hospital of Philadelphia	Philadelphia	Pennsylvania
United States	St. Louis Children's Hospital	Saint Louis	Missouri

Sponsors (6)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Johns Hopkins University, St. Louis Children's Hospital, University of Pennsylvania

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (57)

Aizawa Y, Suwa J, Higuchi H, Fukuoka K, Furuichi M, Kaneko T, Morikawa Y, Okazaki K, Shimizu N, Horikoshi Y. Antimicrobial Stewardship Program in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2018 Aug 17;7(3):e156-e159. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piy031. — View Citation

Barlam TF, Childs E, Zieminski SA, Meshesha TM, Jones KE, Butler JM, Damschroder LJ, Goetz MB, Madaras-Kelly K, Reardon CM, Samore MH, Shen J, Stenehjem E, Zhang Y, Drainoni ML. Perspectives of Physician and Pharmacist Stewards on Successful Antibiotic Stewardship Program Implementation: A Qualitative Study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020 Jun 15;7(7):ofaa229. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa229. eCollection 2020 Jul. — View Citation

Bell BG, Schellevis F, Stobberingh E, Goossens H, Pringle M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of antibiotic consumption on antibiotic resistance. BMC Infect Dis. 2014 Jan 9;14:13. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-13. — View Citation

Blinova E, Lau E, Bitnun A, Cox P, Schwartz S, Atenafu E, Yau Y, Streitenberger L, Parshuram CS, Marshall J, Seto W. Point prevalence survey of antimicrobial utilization in the cardiac and pediatric critical care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2013 Jul;14(6):e280-8. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e31828a846d. — View Citation

Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, Alverson B, Carter ER, Harrison C, Kaplan SL, Mace SE, McCracken GH Jr, Moore MR, St Peter SD, Stockwell JA, Swanson JT; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Oct;53(7):e25-76. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir531. Epub 2011 Aug 31. — View Citation

Brogan TV, Thurm C, Hersh AL, Gerber JS, Smith MJ, Shah SS, Courter JD, Patel SJ, Parker SK, Kronman MP, Lee BR, Newland JG. Variability in Antibiotic Use Across PICUs. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2018 Jun;19(6):519-527. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001535. — View Citation

Brownlee S, Chalkidou K, Doust J, Elshaug AG, Glasziou P, Heath I, Nagpal S, Saini V, Srivastava D, Chalmers K, Korenstein D. Evidence for overuse of medical services around the world. Lancet. 2017 Jul 8;390(10090):156-168. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32585-5. Epub 2017 Jan 9. Erratum In: Lancet. 2022 Mar 5;399(10328):908. — View Citation

Cantey JB, Wozniak PS, Pruszynski JE, Sanchez PJ. Reducing unnecessary antibiotic use in the neonatal intensive care unit (SCOUT): a prospective interrupted time-series study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016 Oct;16(10):1178-1184. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30205-5. Epub 2016 Jul 22. — View Citation

Choe PG, Koo HL, Yoon D, Bae JY, Lee E, Hwang JH, Song KH, Park WB, Bang JH, Kim ES, Kim HB, Park SW, Oh MD, Kim NJ. Effect of an intervention targeting inappropriate continued empirical parenteral vancomycin use: a quasi-experimental study in a region of high MRSA prevalence. BMC Infect Dis. 2018 Apr 16;18(1):178. doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3081-1. — View Citation

Cressman AM, MacFadden DR, Verma AA, Razak F, Daneman N. Empiric Antibiotic Treatment Thresholds for Serious Bacterial Infections: A Scenario-based Survey Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Aug 30;69(6):930-937. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy1031. — View Citation

Davey P, Marwick CA, Scott CL, Charani E, McNeil K, Brown E, Gould IM, Ramsay CR, Michie S. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Feb 9;2(2):CD003543. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003543.pub4. — View Citation

Davies P, Evans C, Kanthimathinathan HK, Lillie J, Brierley J, Waters G, Johnson M, Griffiths B, du Pre P, Mohammad Z, Deep A, Playfor S, Singh D, Inwald D, Jardine M, Ross O, Shetty N, Worrall M, Sinha R, Koul A, Whittaker E, Vyas H, Scholefield BR, Ramnarayan P. Intensive care admissions of children with paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) in the UK: a multicentre observational study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020 Sep;4(9):669-677. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30215-7. Epub 2020 Jul 9. Erratum In: Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020 Jul 17;: — View Citation

Dethlefsen L, Huse S, Sogin ML, Relman DA. The pervasive effects of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep 16S rRNA sequencing. PLoS Biol. 2008 Nov 18;6(11):e280. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060280. — View Citation

Downes KJ, Cowden C, Laskin BL, Huang YS, Gong W, Bryan M, Fisher BT, Goldstein SL, Zaoutis TE. Association of Acute Kidney Injury With Concomitant Vancomycin and Piperacillin/Tazobactam Treatment Among Hospitalized Children. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Dec 4;171(12):e173219. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.3219. Epub 2017 Dec 4. — View Citation

Feiten HDS, Okumura LM, Martinbiancho JK, Andreolio C, da Rocha TS, Antonacci Carvalho PR, Pedro Piva J. Vancomycin-associated Nephrotoxicity and Risk Factors in Critically Ill Children Without Preexisting Renal Injury. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2019 Sep;38(9):934-938. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002391. — View Citation

Fiorito TM, Luther MK, Dennehy PH, LaPlante KL, Matson KL. Nephrotoxicity With Vancomycin in the Pediatric Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2018 Jul;37(7):654-661. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000001882. — View Citation

Fridkin SK, Edwards JR, Courval JM, Hill H, Tenover FC, Lawton R, Gaynes RP, McGowan JE Jr; Intensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology (ICARE) Project and the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Hospitals. The effect of vancomycin and third-generation cephalosporins on prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in 126 U.S. adult intensive care units. Ann Intern Med. 2001 Aug 7;135(3):175-83. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-135-3-200108070-00009. — View Citation

Hensgens MP, Goorhuis A, Dekkers OM, Kuijper EJ. Time interval of increased risk for Clostridium difficile infection after exposure to antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Mar;67(3):742-8. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkr508. Epub 2011 Dec 6. — View Citation

Hoelen DW, Tjan DH, van Vugt R, van der Meer YG, van Zanten AR. Severe local vancomycin induced skin necrosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Oct;64(4):553-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02897.x. Epub 2007 Apr 10. No abstract available. — View Citation

Hranjec T, Rosenberger LH, Swenson B, Metzger R, Flohr TR, Politano AD, Riccio LM, Popovsky KA, Sawyer RG. Aggressive versus conservative initiation of antimicrobial treatment in critically ill surgical patients with suspected intensive-care-unit-acquired infection: a quasi-experimental, before and after observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012 Oct;12(10):774-80. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70151-2. Epub 2012 Aug 28. — View Citation

Jones BE, Brown KA, Jones MM, Huttner BD, Greene T, Sauer BC, Madaras-Kelly K, Rubin MA, Bidwell Goetz M, Samore MH. Variation in Empiric Coverage Versus Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Hospitalizations for Community-Onset Pneumonia Across 128 US Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2017 Aug;38(8):937-944. doi: 10.1017/ice.2017.98. Epub 2017 Jun 21. — View Citation

Jones BE, Jones MM, Huttner B, Stoddard G, Brown KA, Stevens VW, Greene T, Sauer B, Madaras-Kelly K, Rubin M, Goetz MB, Samore M. Trends in Antibiotic Use and Nosocomial Pathogens in Hospitalized Veterans With Pneumonia at 128 Medical Centers, 2006-2010. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Nov 1;61(9):1403-10. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ629. Epub 2015 Jul 29. — View Citation

Jones BE, Ying J, Stevens V, Haroldsen C, He T, Nevers M, Christensen MA, Nelson RE, Stoddard GJ, Sauer BC, Yarbrough PM, Jones MM, Goetz MB, Greene T, Samore MH. Empirical Anti-MRSA vs Standard Antibiotic Therapy and Risk of 30-Day Mortality in Patients Hospitalized for Pneumonia. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Apr 1;180(4):552-560. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.7495. — View Citation

Jones M, Jernigan JA, Evans ME, Roselle GA, Hatfield KM, Samore MH. Vital Signs: Trends in Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers - United States, 2005-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Mar 8;68(9):220-224. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6809e2. — View Citation

Junior MS, Correa L, Marra AR, Camargo LF, Pereira CA. Analysis of vancomycin use and associated risk factors in a university teaching hospital: a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2007 Aug 1;7:88. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-7-88. — View Citation

Kim NH, Koo HL, Choe PG, Cheon S, Kim M, Lee MJ, Jung Y, Park WB, Song KH, Kim ES, Bang JH, Kim HB, Park SW, Kim NJ, Oh MD, Kim EC. Inappropriate continued empirical vancomycin use in a hospital with a high prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Feb;59(2):811-7. doi: 10.1128/AAC.04523-14. Epub 2014 Nov 17. Erratum In: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Apr;59(4):2478. Choe, Pyeong Gyun [corrected to Choe, Pyoeng Gyun]; Kim , Moon Suk [corrected to Kim, Moonsuk]; Jung, Young Hee [corrected to Jung, Younghee]. — View Citation

Kissoon N, Reinhart K, Daniels R, Machado MFR, Schachter RD, Finfer S. Sepsis in Children: Global Implications of the World Health Assembly Resolution on Sepsis. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017 Dec;18(12):e625-e627. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000001340. — View Citation

Levine DP. Vancomycin: a history. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 1;42 Suppl 1:S5-12. doi: 10.1086/491709. — View Citation

Lorencatto F, Charani E, Sevdalis N, Tarrant C, Davey P. Driving sustainable change in antimicrobial prescribing practice: how can social and behavioural sciences help? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018 Oct 1;73(10):2613-2624. doi: 10.1093/jac/dky222. — View Citation

Lovegrove MC, Geller AI, Fleming-Dutra KE, Shehab N, Sapiano MRP, Budnitz DS. US Emergency Department Visits for Adverse Drug Events From Antibiotics in Children, 2011-2015. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2019 Nov 6;8(5):384-391. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piy066. — View Citation

McKamy S, Hernandez E, Jahng M, Moriwaki T, Deveikis A, Le J. Incidence and risk factors influencing the development of vancomycin nephrotoxicity in children. J Pediatr. 2011 Mar;158(3):422-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.08.019. — View Citation

Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E, Craven DE, Flynn P, O'Grady NP, Raad II, Rijnders BJ, Sherertz RJ, Warren DK. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jul 1;49(1):1-45. doi: 10.1086/599376. Erratum In: Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Apr 1;50(7):1079. Dosage error in article text. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Feb 1;50(3):457. — View Citation

Mermel LA. Respiratory protection for healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020 Sep;41(9):1064-1065. doi: 10.1017/ice.2020.175. Epub 2020 Apr 23. No abstract available. — View Citation

Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, Anzueto A, Brozek J, Crothers K, Cooley LA, Dean NC, Fine MJ, Flanders SA, Griffin MR, Metersky ML, Musher DM, Restrepo MI, Whitney CG. Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia. An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST. — View Citation

Navalkele B, Pogue JM, Karino S, Nishan B, Salim M, Solanki S, Pervaiz A, Tashtoush N, Shaikh H, Koppula S, Koons J, Hussain T, Perry W, Evans R, Martin ET, Mynatt RP, Murray KP, Rybak MJ, Kaye KS. Risk of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients on Concomitant Vancomycin and Piperacillin-Tazobactam Compared to Those on Vancomycin and Cefepime. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Jan 15;64(2):116-123. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw709. Epub 2016 Oct 20. — View Citation

Newland JG, Stach LM, De Lurgio SA, Hedican E, Yu D, Herigon JC, Prasad PA, Jackson MA, Myers AL, Zaoutis TE. Impact of a Prospective-Audit-With-Feedback Antimicrobial Stewardship Program at a Children's Hospital. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2012 Sep;1(3):179-86. doi: 10.1093/jpids/pis054. Epub 2012 Jul 12. — View Citation

Niven DJ, Mrklas KJ, Holodinsky JK, Straus SE, Hemmelgarn BR, Jeffs LP, Stelfox HT. Towards understanding the de-adoption of low-value clinical practices: a scoping review. BMC Med. 2015 Oct 6;13:255. doi: 10.1186/s12916-015-0488-z. — View Citation

Norton WE, Chambers DA, Kramer BS. Conceptualizing De-Implementation in Cancer Care Delivery. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Jan 10;37(2):93-96. doi: 10.1200/JCO.18.00589. Epub 2018 Nov 8. No abstract available. — View Citation

Pandolfo AM, Horne R, Jani Y, Reader TW, Bidad N, Brealey D, Enne VI, Livermore DM, Gant V, Brett SJ; INHALE WP2 Study Group. Understanding decisions about antibiotic prescribing in ICU: an application of the Necessity Concerns Framework. BMJ Qual Saf. 2022 Mar;31(3):199-210. doi: 10.1136/bmjqs-2020-012479. Epub 2021 Jun 7. — View Citation

Proctor E, Silmere H, Raghavan R, Hovmand P, Aarons G, Bunger A, Griffey R, Hensley M. Outcomes for implementation research: conceptual distinctions, measurement challenges, and research agenda. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2011 Mar;38(2):65-76. doi: 10.1007/s10488-010-0319-7. — View Citation

Prusaczyk B, Swindle T, Curran G. Defining and conceptualizing outcomes for de-implementation: key distinctions from implementation outcomes. Implement Sci Commun. 2020 Apr 30;1:43. doi: 10.1186/s43058-020-00035-3. eCollection 2020. — View Citation

Ragab AR, Al-Mazroua MK, Al-Harony MA. Incidence and predisposing factors of vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity in children. Infect Dis Ther. 2013 Jun;2(1):37-46. doi: 10.1007/s40121-013-0004-8. Epub 2013 Mar 26. — View Citation

Rhee C, Kadri SS, Dekker JP, Danner RL, Chen HC, Fram D, Zhang F, Wang R, Klompas M; CDC Prevention Epicenters Program. Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogens in Culture-Proven Sepsis and Outcomes Associated With Inadequate and Broad-Spectrum Empiric Antibiotic Use. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Apr 1;3(4):e202899. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.2899. — View Citation

Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Rubenfeld GD, Angus DC, Annane D, Beale RJ, Bellinghan GJ, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith C, De Backer DP, French CJ, Fujishima S, Gerlach H, Hidalgo JL, Hollenberg SM, Jones AE, Karnad DR, Kleinpell RM, Koh Y, Lisboa TC, Machado FR, Marini JJ, Marshall JC, Mazuski JE, McIntyre LA, McLean AS, Mehta S, Moreno RP, Myburgh J, Navalesi P, Nishida O, Osborn TM, Perner A, Plunkett CM, Ranieri M, Schorr CA, Seckel MA, Seymour CW, Shieh L, Shukri KA, Simpson SQ, Singer M, Thompson BT, Townsend SR, Van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Wiersinga WJ, Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016. Crit Care Med. 2017 Mar;45(3):486-552. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002255. — View Citation

Rutter WC, Cox JN, Martin CA, Burgess DR, Burgess DS. Nephrotoxicity during Vancomycin Therapy in Combination with Piperacillin-Tazobactam or Cefepime. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Jan 24;61(2):e02089-16. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02089-16. Print 2017 Feb. Erratum In: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Mar 24;61(4): — View Citation

Same RG, Hsu AJ, Cosgrove SE, Klein EY, Amoah J, Hersh AL, Kronman MP, Tamma PD. Antibiotic-Associated Adverse Events in Hospitalized Children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2021 May 28;10(5):622-628. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piaa173. — View Citation

Sinclair EA, Yenokyan G, McMunn A, Fadrowski JJ, Milstone AM, Lee CK. Factors associated with acute kidney injury in children receiving vancomycin. Ann Pharmacother. 2014 Dec;48(12):1555-62. doi: 10.1177/1060028014549185. Epub 2014 Sep 3. — View Citation

Sutter DE, Milburn E, Chukwuma U, Dzialowy N, Maranich AM, Hospenthal DR. Changing Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in a US Pediatric Population. Pediatrics. 2016 Apr;137(4):e20153099. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-3099. Epub 2016 Mar 1. — View Citation

Szymczak JE, Muller BM, Shakamuri NS, Hamilton KW, Gerber JS, Laguio-Vila M, Dumyati GK, Fridkin SK, Guh AY, Reddy SC, Lautenbach E; CDC Prevention Epicenters Program. Prescriber perceptions of fluoroquinolones, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, and Clostridioides difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020 Aug;41(8):914-920. doi: 10.1017/ice.2020.183. Epub 2020 May 29. — View Citation

Tamma PD, Avdic E, Li DX, Dzintars K, Cosgrove SE. Association of Adverse Events With Antibiotic Use in Hospitalized Patients. JAMA Intern Med. 2017 Sep 1;177(9):1308-1315. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.1938. — View Citation

Tribble AC, Lee BR, Flett KB, Handy LK, Gerber JS, Hersh AL, Kronman MP, Terrill CM, Sharland M, Newland JG; Sharing Antimicrobial Reports for Pediatric Stewardship (SHARPS) Collaborative. Appropriateness of Antibiotic Prescribing in United States Children's Hospitals: A National Point Prevalence Survey. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 5;71(8):e226-e234. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa036. — View Citation

Waters CD, Caraccio J. Rate of positive cultures necessitating definitive treatment in patients receiving empiric vancomycin therapy. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2018 Aug;39(8):989-990. doi: 10.1017/ice.2018.123. Epub 2018 Jun 12. — View Citation

Weiner-Lastinger LM, Abner S, Benin AL, Edwards JR, Kallen AJ, Karlsson M, Magill SS, Pollock D, See I, Soe MM, Walters MS, Dudeck MA. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with pediatric healthcare-associated infections: Summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2015-2017. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020 Jan;41(1):19-30. doi: 10.1017/ice.2019.297. Epub 2019 Nov 25. — View Citation

Weiss SL, Peters MJ, Alhazzani W, Agus MSD, Flori HR, Inwald DP, Nadel S, Schlapbach LJ, Tasker RC, Argent AC, Brierley J, Carcillo J, Carrol ED, Carroll CL, Cheifetz IM, Choong K, Cies JJ, Cruz AT, De Luca D, Deep A, Faust SN, De Oliveira CF, Hall MW, Ishimine P, Javouhey E, Joosten KFM, Joshi P, Karam O, Kneyber MCJ, Lemson J, MacLaren G, Mehta NM, Moller MH, Newth CJL, Nguyen TC, Nishisaki A, Nunnally ME, Parker MM, Paul RM, Randolph AG, Ranjit S, Romer LH, Scott HF, Tume LN, Verger JT, Williams EA, Wolf J, Wong HR, Zimmerman JJ, Kissoon N, Tissieres P. Surviving Sepsis Campaign International Guidelines for the Management of Septic Shock and Sepsis-Associated Organ Dysfunction in Children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2020 Feb;21(2):e52-e106. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002198. — View Citation

Williams MC, Obermeier H, Hurst AL, Saporta-Keating SR, Pearce K, MacBrayne CE, Child J, Parker SK. Hospital-wide Description of Clinical Indications for Pediatric Anti-infective Use. Clin Ther. 2019 Aug;41(8):1605-1611.e0. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.05.008. Epub 2019 Jun 11. — View Citation

Woods-Hill CZ, Fackler J, Nelson McMillan K, Ascenzi J, Martinez DA, Toerper MF, Voskertchian A, Colantuoni E, Klaus SA, Levin S, Milstone AM. Association of a Clinical Practice Guideline With Blood Culture Use in Critically Ill Children. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Feb 1;171(2):157-164. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.3153. — View Citation

Wunderink RG, Srinivasan A, Barie PS, Chastre J, Dela Cruz CS, Douglas IS, Ecklund M, Evans SE, Evans SR, Gerlach AT, Hicks LA, Howell M, Hutchinson ML, Hyzy RC, Kane-Gill SL, Lease ED, Metersky ML, Munro N, Niederman MS, Restrepo MI, Sessler CN, Simpson SQ, Swoboda SM, Guillamet CV, Waterer GW, Weiss CH. Antibiotic Stewardship in the Intensive Care Unit. An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report in Collaboration with the AACN, CHEST, CDC, and SCCM. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020 May;17(5):531-540. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202003-188ST. — View Citation

* Note: There are 57 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Other	Adoption of intervention	Adoption, the decision to adhere to the guideline for vancomycin use, will be measured as the proportion of sepsis episodes in which the clinician adhered to the guideline based on medical record review. Adoption will be evaluated in a 10% random sample of sepsis episodes each month by chart review.	Onset of intervention to 2 years
Other	Appropriateness of intervention	Appropriateness, the perceived compatibility of the intervention to the PICU practice setting, will be measured during surveys and semi-structured interviews using the Likert Scale; where 1 = completely disagree and 5 = completely agree.	Onset of intervention to 2 years
Other	Acceptability of intervention	Acceptability, how well the intervention was received by the PICU clinicians will be measured during surveys and semi-structured interviews using the Likert Scale; where 1 = completely disagree and 5 = completely agree.	Onset of intervention to 2 years
Other	Measure of feasibility of intervention	Feasibility, the extent to which the intervention can be carried out in the setting, will be determined in collaboration with our local stakeholders but may include the proportion of PICU clinicians who attend educational sessions and/or unit-based meetings during which vancomycin use data is reviewed.	Onset of intervention to 2 years
Primary	Change in vancomycin use	Vancomycin use will be measured as DOT per 1000 PICU patient days, measured monthly. Every day in which one or more doses of parenteral vancomycin is administered is classified as one vancomycin DOT. Every day or portion of a day a patient is admitted to the PICU is classified as one PICU patient day.	Baseline to 5 years
Secondary	Change in rate of suspected and confirmed sepsis episodes per 1000 PICU patient days.	Change in the rate of suspected and confirmed sepsis episodes in which new or persistent respiratory, renal, cardiovascular, or hematologic organ dysfunction occur at day 3 and at day 7.	Baseline to 5 years
Secondary	PICU all-cause mortality	All-cause mortality will be measured at 30 days following sepsis onset as a proportion of suspected and confirmed sepsis episodes. Only one episode of suspected or confirmed sepsis will be counted in this measure.	Up to 3 years
Secondary	PICU length of stay	Time elapsed between a patient's admission into the PICU and discharge from the PICU.	Up to 3 years
Secondary	Hospital length of stay	Time elapsed between a patient's hospital admittance and discharge.	Up to 3 years
Secondary	30-day PICU readmission	Readmission to the PICU is defined as an admission to the PICU occurring within 30 days following discharge from an admission in which there was one or more episodes of suspected or confirmed sepsis. Only one episode of suspected or confirmed sepsis will be counted in this measure. Patients without a readmission to the index hospital or health system will be counted as no readmission, due to the inability to assess readmissions to outside institutions.	Within 30 days of discharge from a PICU admission
Secondary	30-day hospital readmission	The percentage of patients that are readmitted to the hospital within 30 days following discharge from an admission in which there was one or more episodes of suspected or confirmed sepsis. Only one episode of suspected or confirmed sepsis will be counted in this measure.	Within 30 days of discharge from a hospital admission
Secondary	Use of other broad-spectrum antibiotics	Cefepime, ceftriaxone, and piperacillin-tazobactam DOT/1000 PICU days, measured monthly (as a non-equivalent dependent variable).	Up to 5 years
Secondary	Use of other anti-MRSA antibiotics	Linezolid, Ceftaroline, clindamycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in DOT/1000 patient days, measured monthly (as a balancing measure to evaluate any increase in other anti-MRSA antibiotics that may occur as an unintended consequence of reducing vancomycin use).	Up to 5 years
Secondary	Prevalence of infections due to organisms requiring vancomycin	Microbiologic outcome measures will focus on the prevalence of vancomycin-requiring organisms in the suspected and confirmed sepsis cohorts, and will also be measured relative to the frequency of empiric vancomycin administration and compliance with the guideline.	Up to 5 years