Sepsis Clinical Trial
Official title:
Effect of Early Enteral Supplementation of L-arginine and Glutamine on Preterm Neonate
effects of enteral l-arginine to decrease feeding intolerance and risk of NEC in neonates via its role as a NO precursor. Also, enteral glutamine which may play a role as an immunomodulator on preterm neonates. all these had never been studied in developing countries where sepsis and nec act as a major participant in mortality rates.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common acquired gastrointestinal disease that
occurs predominantly in premature infants and is considered to be one of the leading causes
of morbidity and mortality in their age group (Schnabl et al., 2008).
Primary prevention of NEC should be the priority, since NEC frequently progresses from
nonspecific signs, to extensive necrosis within a matter of hours with medical or surgical
treatment, making successful treatment and secondary prevention difficult to achieve (Lin et
al., 2013).
One of the assumed novel preventive measures against NEC is L-arginine & glutamine
supplementation to high risk infants (Neu, 2005).
We conducted a prospective, interventional, single blinded clinical study in the period from
1/2011- 3/2014 in both NICUs of Children Hospital & Maternity Hospital of Ain Shams
University. The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Faculty of Medicinie, Ain
Shams University.
Aim of the study was to assess the preventive role of enteral L-arginine & glutamine against
NEC and to assess the role of glutamine in decreasing the impact of sepsis on premature
neonates.
Seventy five preterm neonates were enrolled. Inclusion criteria were GA≤ 34 weeks assigned
to feed in the first week of life. Exclusion criteria were the presence of any
contraindication to feeding (e.g. intestinal surgery), sever or multiple congenital
anomalies, intracranial hemorrhage > grade 2 or non- bacterial congenital infection. They
were equally divided into 3 groups (L-arginine group, Glutamine group & Control group), 25
neonates per group were randomly enrolled.
L-arginine group included 25 preterm neonates among which 56% were females. Mean for birth
weight was 1.45kg, mean for gestational age was 31.84 weeks, 72% were delivered via CS.
Median for APGAR score at 1 & 5 minutes were 6 & 8 respectively.
As for the glutamine group, among the 25 neonates included, 52% were females, 92% were born
to CS. Mean for birth weight was 1.45kg while mean for GA was 31.84 weeks. Median for APGAR
score was 5 in 1st minute (significantly lower than other 2 groups) and 8 at 5 minutes.
In control group that also included 25 neonates, 56% were females and 88% were born to CS.
Mean for birth weight was significantly lower if compared to other groups (1.31 kg) while GA
was comparable to them (30.64). Median for APGAR score in 1 & 5 minutes was 7 & 8
respectively.
All study subjects received their usual care and medications according to the treating
physicians' protocols of management. Additionally, L-arginine group received enteral
l-arginine supplementation (starting 0.75mmol/kg/day and reaching 1.5 mmol/kg/day when
enteral feeding reaches 40% of full intake), while glutamine group additionally received
enteral glutamine supplementations (starting 156mg/kg/day and reaching 312 mg/kg/day when
enteral feeding reaches 40% of full intake). The additional enteral supplementations where
added with the start of feeding.
Study subjects were followed up daily since the time of enrollment till they were
discharged, died or completed 30 days of life. Daily measurement of weight, blood pressure
and blood sugar level were done. Feeding protocol of all patients was recorded regarding age
on which feeding was initiated, daily increment of feeding, frequency of feeding
intolerance, and stoppage of feeding for any stage of NEC. Frequency of septic episodes and
hospital stay were also recorded. Plasma l-arginine & glutamine levels were measured at time
of enrollment (sample 1), after 15 days of enrollment (sample 2) and at time of diagnosis of
any stage of NEC (sample 3). Staging and diagnosis were done according to Bell's criteria.
Transcranial ultrasound was done to all study subjects at time of enrollment, before
discharge and whenever needed.
Overall incidence of NEC was 12%. Comparing the groups, glutamine group had significant
lower incidence of NEC while no difference in NEC incidence was found between L-arginine &
control group. Lower gestational age and birth weight were significant risk factors,
however; both didn't affect the age of NEC diagnosis. MOD, gender, age on starting feeding
and daily increment (wither > 20cc or ≤ 20 cc/kg/day) also didn't affect the incidence of
NEC.
Regarding the NEC outcome,3 patients were diagnosed as having NEC in arginine group among
which one suffered stage 1 (improved), one suffered stage 2 NEC (improved), and one suffered
stage 2 (died), while in control group, among the 6 diagnosed neonates, one suffered stage 1
(died), 5 suffered stage 2 (0ne improved & 4 died). Occurrence of NEC significantly
increased risk of mortality & delayed reaching full oral intake.
Overall mortality in the whole study was 13.3%. No significant difference between the 3
groups.
While age on starting feeding was significantly higher in glutamine group (p<0.05), it had
no effect on the length of stay or the clinical outcome on the 3 groups. Regarding the
frequency of septic episodes, length of stay and attacks of feeding intolerance, no
significant difference was reported between the 3 groups.
As for plasma levels of l-arginine & glutamine, no significant difference was estimated
among control and glutamine groups regarding initial glutamine levels while edscap group had
significantly higher initial l-arginine level compared to l- arginine group. Both l-arginine
and glutamine levels were significantly higher in sample 2 in all groups when compared to
sample 1 of same patient. However, their levels in sample 2 were significantly correlated to
the initial levels rather than their diverse enteral supplementation. No correlation was
found between l-arginine and glutamine plasma levels at point of diagnosis of NEC to initial
level, gestational age or birth weight. Reaching the full oral intake was significantly
delayed in NEC patients, while it wasn't affected by age of initiation of feeding.
Assessing the side effects that may be contributed to L-arginine, incidence of hypotension
requiring inotropic management or hyperglycemia requiring insulin therapy showed no
statistical significance between the 3 groups denoting possible safety.
Finally, the study supports the finding that enteral glutamine supplementation may be
helpful in decreasing the incidence of NEC in preterm neonates. However, this beneficial
role was not proven for arginine against NEC, or for glutamine itself against sepsis. Larger
studies are needed to confirm the results.
;
Allocation: Randomized, Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study, Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment, Masking: Single Blind (Subject), Primary Purpose: Prevention
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