Prevention of Clinical Symptoms in Celiac Disease Clinical Trial
Official title:
Natural History, Risk Factors and Predictive Biomarkers for Celiac Disease: a Prospective Multicenter Study.
The study aims to identify risk factors for the development of Celiac Diseases in families with a recognized genetic risk for the presence of a confirmed proband case. Candidate mother will be recruited before a planned pregnancy or within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Familial and environmental risk factors will be evaluated within the couple of parents. Pregnancy will be followed up and appropriate biological samples collected. Delivery will be supervised in order to collect biological samples. Newborns will be controlled from birth up to the 6th year of age. Data about clinical events related to health, life attitudes, nutrition will be collected together with biological samples either in the pregnant mother as well as in the infant.
- CD epidemics: Celiac Disease incidence is increasing at unexpected rates in the last two
decades in all gluten-consuming populations.
- Remarkable stratified genetic risk: there is a strong genetic component as the main risk
to develop disease, as supported by > 85% concordance in monozygotic twins, but genetics
cannot change over decades and does not explain the epidemic which has been observed.
The presence of double HLA DQ2 in female subjects does increases the risk of disease
above that of a mendelian recessive inheritance. Hence the estimation of environmental
factors associated to the genetic risk is quite complex and does need a very strict
prospective longitudinal study design, since each factor is likely to produce, if ever,
a quite small odds ratio .
- Gene expression in the first year of life: we have observed, in our previous cohort
studies, that the expression of at least a small set of CD associated candidate genes is
substantially different between the children who eventually develop Cd and those who do
not, already a 6 months of age, much before any measurable recognition of the gluten
antigen, development of antibodies or any clinical sign (ref 3 Galatola).
- Epigenetic changes in small intestinal tissue: in addition of the previously reported
gene expression differences, gene methylation and related expression of CD associated
candidate genes have been observed in the epithelium and the lamina propria of Cd
patients . In addition, microRNA appear to be differently expressed in patients versus
controls.
- Early events in the first-second year of life before diagnosis: our groups and others
observed that the occurrenceof acute respiratoryinfections in the first and second year
of life, at least 12 months before the onset of disease, was associated to increased
odds (> x2) of developing CD. It is most likely that viral infections (as the large
majority of URTI in children) play a role in the development of food antigen intolerance
leading to CD . A role of non-pathogenic viral infections has been also suggestedin the
developmentof intolerance to gluten.
- No influence of breast-feeding or gluten introduction: breast feeding does not prevent
the incidence of CD in at risk infants: its most likely effect is to delay the onset of
clinical symptoms. Similarly, the time and quantity of gluten introduction is not
associated to the actual incidence, but is only associated to delayed time effects.
- Possible implication of microbiome: despite the complexity of estimating differences in
the composition of microbiome in the infants, it has been suggested that infants who
later develop CD might show a fila composition slightly different from their matched
controls.
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