Multi-site Confirmatory Efficacy Treatment Trial of Combat-related PTSD

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Clinical Trial

Official title:

Multi-site Confirmatory Efficacy Treatment Trial of Combat-related PTSD

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT03932773
• Other study ID #: 18-123
• Secondary ID: CDMRP-BA160594
• Status: Recruiting
• Phase: Phase 2
• Start date: May 1, 2019
• Est. completion date: July 31, 2024

Study information

• Verified date: January 2024
• Source: The University of Texas at Dallas
• Contact: Elizabeth "Ellen" Morris, PhD
• Phone: 214-883-3171
• Email: neurolab[@]utdallas.edu
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

The purpose of this study is to examine the benefits of combining repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) coupled with Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) in treating combat-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The study will also examine change in depression, psychosocial functioning, and neurophysiological (i.e., electroencephalography and magnetic resonance images) measures.

Description:

Using three treatment arms, the study will examine Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptom reduction when (1) 1 Hz (hertz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) is administered prior to each of 12 Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) sessions compared to when (2) sham rTMS is administered to the rDLPFC is administered prior to each of 12 CPT sessions and to when (3) 1 Hz rTMS is delivered to rDLPFC alone over 12 sessions.

Veterans with combat-related PTSD will be randomly assigned to one of the three treatment arms. Primary outcome PTSD symptom severity measures, secondary neuropsychological, electroencephalography (EEG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcome measures, and prescreening assessments for study contraindicators will be collected prior to being assigned to a treatment arm (i.e., baseline).

Primary outcome PTSD symptom severity measures and secondary neuropsychological outcome measures will be collected twice within the span of the treatment sessions (i.e., sessions 5 and 9) and at three times following treatment competition (i.e., 1-month, 6-months, and 12-months). EEG also will be collected at the 1-month, 6-month, and 12-month assessments, and MRI will be collected at the 6-month and 12-month assessments.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Recruiting
• Enrollment: 330
• Est. completion date: July 31, 2024
• Est. primary completion date: July 31, 2024
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years to 60 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Veterans of Post-9/11 military conflicts

• with diagnosis of PTSD based on CAPS-5 related to Post-9/11 military combat

Exclusion Criteria:

• current enrollment in an acute experimental treatment for PTSD or trauma-focused psychotherapy treatment

• PTSD-inducing trauma exposure occurring within the last 3 months prior to pre-enrollment evaluation

• history of epilepsy or seizure disorder, a history of major head trauma,

• any neurologic condition likely to increase risk of seizures,

• brain tumors,

• moderate to severe substance use disorder in last 3 months or any substance use that puts the participant at increased risk or significant impairment

• stroke, and blood vessel abnormalities in the brain,

• dementia,

• Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, or multiple sclerosis

• a high suicide risk

• a lifetime history of psychotic disorder or bipolar disorder

• inability to stop taking any medication that significantly lowers the seizure threshold

• pregnant or nursing

• metal fragments in the head, or any metal objects in or near the head that cannot be safely removed

• We will screen for a history of traumatic brain injury and exclude potential participants from the study if they have a history of severe TBI or are at high risk for seizures.

• history of seizures

• non-English speakers because not all of the screening forms, questionnaires, and tests are available in any language except for English

• cardiac pacemaker, implanted medication pumps of any sort that would increase the risk of rTMS

• any current medical condition that could preclude being able to safely participate in TMS treatment,

• use of prescription medication or illegal substances that lower the seizure threshold

• previous rTMS

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
• Stress Disorders, Traumatic

Intervention

Device:
• Active rTMS
A Magstim Rapid2 Stimulator repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) device will be used to deliver 1 hertz (Hz) stimulation to right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) at 110% of a participant's rTMS motor threshold. The device passes electric current through a coil generating an alternating magnetic field. When positioned over the skull, the changing magnetic field causes electromagnetic inducted current flow in brain regions subjacent to the coil. Magnetic pulses (1.5-2.0 Tesla) lasting 100-300 microseconds at 1 Hz will be used. Motor threshold will be defined by the TMS intensity to right motor region required to induce visually perceptible movement of the contralateral abductor pollicus brevis 50 percent of the time.
• Sham rTMS
A Magstim Rapid2 Stimulator repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) device will be paired with sham coil. The sham coil will induce electrical current flow in the tissue above the skull but will not induce current flow in brain tissue. The sham coil will be placed over the right prefrontal scalp region to target current flow in rDLPFC. Magnetic pulses lasting for 100-300 microseconds at 1 Hz will be used. For consistency across the rTMS conditions, motor threshold in the sham condition also will be determined by positioning the active rTMS coil over the right motor region and identifying the stimulation intensity required to induce visually perceptible movement of the contralateral abductor pollicus brevis 50 percent of the time.

Behavioral:
• Cognitive Processing Therapy
Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) is an evidenced based, trauma-focused treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). CPT is a recommended form of treatment in the Veterans Administration - Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guideline for PTSD. The CPT manual delineates the agenda for each of 12 sessions (60 minutes per session): 1) Introduction to CPT and Patient Education regarding PTSD, 2) Meaning of the Trauma, 3) Identification of Thoughts and Feelings related to the Trauma, 4) Remembering the Trauma, 5) Identification of Stuck points, 6) Challenging Questions about the Trauma, 7) Dysfunctional/Maladaptive Thinking patterns related to the Trauma, 8) Safety Issues, 9) Trust Issues, 10) Power and Control Issues, 11) Self-Esteem Issues, and 12) Intimacy Issues.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	Metrocare Services of Dallas	Addison	Texas
United States	The University of Texas at Dallas	Dallas	Texas
United States	Florida State University College of Medicine	Tallahassee	Florida

Sponsors (5)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
The University of Texas at Dallas	Florida State University, Johns Hopkins University, Metrocare Services of Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (14)

Bovin MJ, Black SK, Rodriguez P, Lunney CA, Kleiman SE, Weathers FW, Schnurr PP, Spira J, Keane TM, Marx BP. Development and validation of a measure of PTSD-related psychosocial functional impairment: The Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning. Psychol Serv. 2018 May;15(2):216-229. doi: 10.1037/ser0000220. — View Citation

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Calley CS, Motes MA, Chiang HS, Buhl V, Spence JS, Abdi H, Anand R, Maguire M, Estevez L, Briggs R, Freeman T, Kraut MA, Hart J Jr. Threat as a feature in visual semantic object memory. Hum Brain Mapp. 2013 Aug;34(8):1946-55. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22039. Epub 2012 Mar 25. — View Citation

Cyders MA, Littlefield AK, Coffey S, Karyadi KA. Examination of a short English version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Addict Behav. 2014 Sep;39(9):1372-6. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.02.013. Epub 2014 Mar 3. — View Citation

DeLaRosa BL, Spence JS, Shakal SK, Motes MA, Calley CS, Calley VI, Hart J Jr, Kraut MA. Electrophysiological spatiotemporal dynamics during implicit visual threat processing. Brain Cogn. 2014 Nov;91:54-61. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.08.003. Epub 2014 Sep 15. — View Citation

Keane TM, Caddell JM, Taylor KL. Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: three studies in reliability and validity. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988 Feb;56(1):85-90. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.56.1.85. No abstract available. — View Citation

Maguire MJ, Brier MR, Moore PS, Ferree TC, Ray D, Mostofsky S, Hart J Jr, Kraut MA. The influence of perceptual and semantic categorization on inhibitory processing as measured by the N2-P3 response. Brain Cogn. 2009 Dec;71(3):196-203. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.08.018. Epub 2009 Sep 20. — View Citation

Monson CM, Schnurr PP, Resick PA, Friedman MJ, Young-Xu Y, Stevens SP. Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006 Oct;74(5):898-907. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.898. — View Citation

Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry. 1979 Apr;134:382-9. doi: 10.1192/bjp.134.4.382. — View Citation

Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Ibrahim HM, Carmody TJ, Arnow B, Klein DN, Markowitz JC, Ninan PT, Kornstein S, Manber R, Thase ME, Kocsis JH, Keller MB. The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Sep 1;54(5):573-83. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01866-8. Erratum In: Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Sep 1;54(5):585. — View Citation

Tillman GD, Kimbrell TA, Calley CS, Kraut MA, Freeman TW, Hart J Jr. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and threat memory: selective reduction of combat threat memory p300 response after right frontal-lobe stimulation. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011 Winter;23(1):40-7. doi: 10.1176/jnp.23.1.jnp40. — View Citation

Weathers FW, Bovin MJ, Lee DJ, Sloan DM, Schnurr PP, Kaloupek DG, Keane TM, Marx BP. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychol Assess. 2018 Mar;30(3):383-395. doi: 10.1037/pas0000486. Epub 2017 May 11. — View Citation

Weathers FW, Litz BT, Keane TM, Palmieri PA, Marx BP, Schnurr PP. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov, 2013.

Weathers, FW, Blake, DD, Schnurr, PP, Kaloupek, DG, Marx, BP, & Keane, TM. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). www.ptsd.va.gov: National Center for PTSD, 2013.

* Note: There are 14 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6-months post-treatment on the Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Total Severity Score	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Total Severity Score (20 item sum, range 0-80, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 6 months after the 12-week interventions.; Weathers, FW, Blake, DD, Schnurr, PP, Kaloupek, DG, Marx, BP, & Keane, TM. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). www.ptsd.va.gov: National Center for PTSD, 2013.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month post-treatment on the Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Total Severity Score	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Total Severity Score (20 item sum, range 0-80, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 1 month after the 12-week interventions.; Weathers, FW, Blake, DD, Schnurr, PP, Kaloupek, DG, Marx, BP, & Keane, TM. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). www.ptsd.va.gov: National Center for PTSD, 2013.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 17 weeks: Baseline, 1-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment on the Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Total Severity Score	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Total Severity Score (20 item sum, range 0-80, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 12 months after the 12-week interventions.; Weathers, FW, Blake, DD, Schnurr, PP, Kaloupek, DG, Marx, BP, & Keane, TM. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). www.ptsd.va.gov: National Center for PTSD, 2013.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month post-treatment on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (PCL-5) Total Severity Score	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (PCL-5) Total Severity Score (20 item sum, range 0-80, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 1 month after the 12-week interventions.; Weathers FW, Litz BT, Keane TM, Palmieri PA, Marx BP, Schnurr PP. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov, 2013.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 17 weeks: Baseline, 1-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months post-treatment on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (PCL-5) Total Severity Score	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (PCL-5) Total Severity Score (20 item sum, range 0-80, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 6 months after the 12-week interventions.; Weathers FW, Litz BT, Keane TM, Palmieri PA, Marx BP, Schnurr PP. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov, 2013.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (PCL-5) Total Severity Score	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (PCL-5) Total Severity Score (20 item sum, range 0-80, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 12 months after the 12-week interventions.; Weathers FW, Litz BT, Keane TM, Palmieri PA, Marx BP, Schnurr PP. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov, 2013.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month post-treatment on the Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Symptom Cluster Scores	Evaluation of treatment group differences on Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Symptom Cluster Scores (cluster item sum, higher scores=greater severity) in change from baseline to 1 month after the 12-week interventions. Evaluations of 4-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Cognition/Mood, range 0-28, and [4] Arousal/Reactivity, range 0-24) and 7-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Affect, range 0-16), [4] Anhedonia, range 0-12, [5] Externalizing, range 0-8, [6] Anxious Arousal, range 0-8, and [7] Dysphoric Arousal, range 0-8).; Weathers FW, Bovin MJ, Lee DJ, Sloan DM, Schnurr PP, Kaloupek DG, Keane TM, Marx BP. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychol Assess 30(3):383-395, 2018.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 17 weeks: Baseline, 1-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months post-treatment on the Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Symptom Cluster Scores	Evaluation of treatment group differences on Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Symptom Cluster Scores (cluster item sum, higher scores=greater severity) in change from baseline to 6 months after the 12-week interventions. Evaluations of 4-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Cognition/Mood, range 0-28, and [4] Arousal/Reactivity, range 0-24) and 7-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Affect, range 0-16), [4] Anhedonia, range 0-12, [5] Externalizing, range 0-8, [6] Anxious Arousal, range 0-8, and [7] Dysphoric Arousal, range 0-8).; Weathers FW, Bovin MJ, Lee DJ, Sloan DM, Schnurr PP, Kaloupek DG, Keane TM, Marx BP. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychol Assess 30(3):383-395, 2018.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment on the Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Symptom Cluster Scores	Evaluation of treatment group differences on Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Symptom Cluster Scores (cluster item sum, higher scores=greater severity) in change from baseline to 12 months after the 12-week intervention. Evaluations of 4-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Cognition/Mood, range 0-28, and [4] Arousal/Reactivity, range 0-24) and 7-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Affect, range 0-16), [4] Anhedonia, range 0-12, [5] Externalizing, range 0-8, [6] Anxious Arousal, range 0-8, and [7] Dysphoric Arousal, range 0-8).; Weathers FW, Bovin MJ, Lee DJ, Sloan DM, Schnurr PP, Kaloupek DG, Keane TM, Marx BP. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychol Assess 30(3):383-395, 2018.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 weeks (5th intervention session) on the Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Total Score	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Total Severity Score (20 item sum, range 0-80, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 6 weeks.; Weathers, F.W., Blake, D.D., Schnurr, P.P., Kaloupek, D.G., Marx, B.P., & Keane, T.M. (2013). The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). Interview available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 6 weeks: Baseline, 6 weeks
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 10 weeks (9th intervention session) on the Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Total Score	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Total Severity Score (20 item sum, range 0-80, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 10 weeks.; Weathers, F.W., Blake, D.D., Schnurr, P.P., Kaloupek, D.G., Marx, B.P., & Keane, T.M. (2013). The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). Interview available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 10 weeks: Baseline, 10 weeks
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 weeks (5th intervention session) on the Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Symptom Cluster	Evaluation of treatment group differences on Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Symptom Cluster Scores (cluster item sum, higher scores=greater severity) in change from baseline to 6 weeks. Evaluations of 4-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Cognition/Mood, range 0-28, and [4] Arousal/Reactivity, range 0-24) and 7-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Affect, range 0-16), [4] Anhedonia, range 0-12, [5] Externalizing, range 0-8, [6] Anxious Arousal, range 0-8, and [7] Dysphoric Arousal, range 0-8).; Weathers FW, Bovin MJ, Lee DJ, Sloan DM, Schnurr PP, Kaloupek DG, Keane TM, Marx BP. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychol Assess 30(3):383-395, 2018.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 6 weeks: Baseline, 6 weeks
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 10 weeks (9th intervention session) on the Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Symptom Clust	Evaluation of treatment group differences on Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (CAPS-5) Symptom Cluster Scores (cluster item sum, higher scores=greater severity) in change from baseline to 10 weeks. Evaluations of 4-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Cognition/Mood, range 0-28, and [4] Arousal/Reactivity, range 0-24) and 7-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Affect, range 0-16), [4] Anhedonia, range 0-12, [5] Externalizing, range 0-8, [6] Anxious Arousal, range 0-8, and [7] Dysphoric Arousal, range 0-8).; Weathers FW, Bovin MJ, Lee DJ, Sloan DM, Schnurr PP, Kaloupek DG, Keane TM, Marx BP. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychol Assess 30(3):383-395, 2018.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 10 weeks: Baseline, 10 weeks
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month post-treatment on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (PCL-5) Symptom Cluster Scores	Evaluation of treatment group differences on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (PCL-5) Symptom Cluster Scores (cluster item sum, higher scores=greater severity) in change from baseline to 1 month after 12-week interventions. Evaluations of 4-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Cognition/Mood, range 0-28, and [4] Arousal/Reactivity, range 0-24) and 7-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Affect, range 0-16), [4] Anhedonia, range 0-12, [5] Externalizing, range 0-8, [6] Anxious Arousal, range 0-8, and [7] Dysphoric Arousal, range 0-8).; Bovin, MJ, Marx, BP, Weathers, FW, Gallagher, MW, Rodriguez, P, Schnurr, PP, Keane, TM. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in Veterans. Psychol Assess 28(11):1379-1391, 2016.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 17 weeks: Baseline, 1-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months post-treatment on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (PCL-5) Symptom Cluster Scores	Evaluation of treatment group differences on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (PCL-5) Symptom Cluster Scores (cluster item sum, higher scores=greater severity) in change from baseline to 6 months after 12-week interventions. Evaluations of 4-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Cognition/Mood, range 0-28, and [4] Arousal/Reactivity, range 0-24) and 7-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Affect, range 0-16), [4] Anhedonia, range 0-12, [5] Externalizing, range 0-8, [6] Anxious Arousal, range 0-8, and [7] Dysphoric Arousal, range 0-8).; Bovin, MJ, Marx, BP, Weathers, FW, Gallagher, MW, Rodriguez, P, Schnurr, PP, Keane, TM. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in Veterans. Psychol Assess 28(11):1379-1391, 2016.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (PCL-5) Symptom Cluster Scores	Evaluation of treatment group differences on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (PCL-5) Symptom Cluster Scores (cluster item sum, higher scores=greater severity) in change from baseline to 12 months after 12-week interventions. Evaluations of 4-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Cognition/Mood, range 0-28, and [4] Arousal/Reactivity, range 0-24) and 7-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Affect, range 0-16), [4] Anhedonia, range 0-12, [5] Externalizing, range 0-8, [6] Anxious Arousal, range 0-8, and [7] Dysphoric Arousal, range 0-8).; Bovin, MJ, Marx, BP, Weathers, FW, Gallagher, MW, Rodriguez, P, Schnurr, PP, Keane, TM. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in Veterans. Psychol Assess 28(11):1379-1391, 2016.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 weeks (5th intervention session) on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (PCL-5) Symptom Cluster Scores	Evaluation of treatment group differences on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (PCL-5) Symptom Cluster Scores (cluster item sum, higher scores=greater severity) in change from baseline to 6 weeks. Evaluations of 4-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Cognition/Mood, range 0-28, and [4] Arousal/Reactivity, range 0-24) and 7-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Affect, range 0-16), [4] Anhedonia, range 0-12, [5] Externalizing, range 0-8, [6] Anxious Arousal, range 0-8, and [7] Dysphoric Arousal, range 0-8).; Bovin, MJ, Marx, BP, Weathers, FW, Gallagher, MW, Rodriguez, P, Schnurr, PP, Keane, TM. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in Veterans. Psychol Assess 28(11):1379-1391, 2016.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 6 weeks: Baseline, 6 weeks
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 10 weeks (9th intervention session) on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (PCL-5) Symptom Cluster Scores	Evaluation of treatment group differences on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) (PCL-5) Symptom Cluster Scores (cluster item sum, higher scores=greater severity) in change from baseline to 10 weeks. Evaluations of 4-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Cognition/Mood, range 0-28, and [4] Arousal/Reactivity, range 0-24) and 7-Symptom Cluster Model ([1] Intrusions, range 0-20, [2] Avoidance, range 0-8, [3] Negative Affect, range 0-16), [4] Anhedonia, range 0-12, [5] Externalizing, range 0-8, [6] Anxious Arousal, range 0-8, and [7] Dysphoric Arousal, range 0-8).; Bovin, MJ, Marx, BP, Weathers, FW, Gallagher, MW, Rodriguez, P, Schnurr, PP, Keane, TM. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in Veterans. Psychol Assess 28(11):1379-1391, 2016.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 10 weeks: Baseline, 10 weeks
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month post-treatment on the Mississippi Scale for Combat Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Mississippi Scale for Combat Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Total Score (35 item sum, range 35-175, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 1-month after the 12-week interventions.; Keane TM, Caddell JM, Taylor KL. Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: three studies in reliability and validity. J Consult Clin Psychol 56(1):85-90, 1988.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 17 weeks: Baseline, 1-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months post-treatment on the Mississippi Scale for Combat Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Mississippi Scale for Combat Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Total Score (35 item sum, range 35-175, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 6-months after the 12-week interventions.; Keane TM, Caddell JM, Taylor KL. Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: three studies in reliability and validity. J Consult Clin Psychol 56(1):85-90, 1988.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment on the Mississippi Scale for Combat Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Mississippi Scale for Combat Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Total Score (35 item sum, range 35-175, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 12-months after the 12-week interventions.; Keane TM, Caddell JM, Taylor KL. Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: three studies in reliability and validity. J Consult Clin Psychol 56(1):85-90, 1988.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month post-treatment on Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (10 item sum, range 0-60, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 1-month after the 12-week interventions.; Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 134:382-389, 1979.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 17 weeks: Baseline, 1-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months post-treatment on Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (10 item sum, range 0-60, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 6-months after the 12-week interventions.; Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 134:382-389, 1979.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment on Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (10 item sum, range 0-60, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 12-months after the 12-week interventions.; Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 134:382-389, 1979.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 weeks (5th intervention session) on Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (10 item sum, range 0-60, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 6 weeks.; Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 134:382-389, 1979.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 6 weeks: Baseline, 6 weeks
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 10 weeks (9th intervention session) on Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (10 item sum, range 0-60, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 10 weeks.; Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 134:382-389, 1979.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 10 weeks: Baseline, 10 weeks
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month post-treatment on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) (9 domain sum, range 0-27, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 1-month after the 12-week interventions.; Rush, AJ, Trivedi, MH, et al. The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biol Psychiatry 54(5):573-583, 2003.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 17 weeks: Baseline, 1-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months post-treatment on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) (9 domain sum, range 0-27, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 6-months after the 12-week interventions.; Rush, AJ, Trivedi, MH, et al. The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biol Psychiatry 54(5):573-583, 2003.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) (9 domain sum, range 0-27, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 12-months after the 12-week interventions.; Rush, AJ, Trivedi, MH, et al. The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biol Psychiatry 54(5):573-583, 2003.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 weeks (5th intervention session ) on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) (9 domain sum, range 0-27, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 6 weeks.; Rush, AJ, Trivedi, MH, et al. The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biol Psychiatry 54(5):573-583, 2003.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 6 weeks: Baseline, 6 weeks
Secondary	Treatment group differences from baseline to 10 weeks (9th intervention session) on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) (9 domain sum, range 0-27, higher score=greater severity) in change from baseline to 10 weeks.; Rush, AJ, Trivedi, MH, et al. The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biol Psychiatry 54(5):573-583, 2003.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 10 weeks: Baseline, 10 weeks
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month post-treatment on the Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning (IPF) Overall Score (mean of completed domain scores, range 0-100, higher score=greater impairment) in change from baseline to 1 month following the 12-week interventions.; Bovin MJ, Black SK, Rodriguez P, Lunney CA, Kleiman SE, Weathers FW, Schnurr PP, Spira J, Keane TM, Marx BP. Development and validation of a measure of PTSD-related psychosocial functional impairment: The Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning. Psychol Serv 15(2):216-229, 2018.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 17 weeks: Baseline, 1-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months post-treatment on the Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning (IPF) Overall Score (mean of completed domain scores, range 0-100, higher score=greater impairment) in change from baseline to 6 months after the 12-week interventions.; Bovin MJ, Black SK, Rodriguez P, Lunney CA, Kleiman SE, Weathers FW, Schnurr PP, Spira J, Keane TM, Marx BP. Development and validation of a measure of PTSD-related psychosocial functional impairment: The Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning. Psychol Serv 15(2):216-229, 2018.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment on the Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning (IPF) Overall Score (mean of completed domain scores, range 0-100, higher score=greater impairment) in change from baseline to 12 months after the 12-week interventions.; Bovin MJ, Black SK, Rodriguez P, Lunney CA, Kleiman SE, Weathers FW, Schnurr PP, Spira J, Keane TM, Marx BP. Development and validation of a measure of PTSD-related psychosocial functional impairment: The Inventory of Psychosocial Functioning. Psychol Serv 15(2):216-229, 2018.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month post-treatment on the Short Impulsive Behavior Scale	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Short Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P) Total Score (mean item rating, range 1-4, higher score=greater impulsivity) in change from baseline to 1 month after the 12-week interventions.; Cyders MA, Littlefield AK, Coffey S, Karyadi KA. Examination of a short English version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Addict Behav 39(9):1372-1376, 2014.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 17 weeks: Baseline, 1-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months post-treatment on the Short Impulsive Behavior Scale	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Short Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P) Total Score (mean item rating, range 1-4, higher score=greater impulsivity) in change from baseline to 6 months after the 12-week interventions.; Cyders MA, Littlefield AK, Coffey S, Karyadi KA. Examination of a short English version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Addict Behav 39(9):1372-1376, 2014.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment on the Short Impulsive Behavior Scale	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Short Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P) Total Score (mean item rating, range 1-4, higher score=greater impulsivity) in change from baseline to 12 months after the 12-week interventions.; Cyders MA, Littlefield AK, Coffey S, Karyadi KA. Examination of a short English version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Addict Behav 39(9):1372-1376, 2014.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month post-treatment on the Short Impulsive Behavior Subscales	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Short Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P) Subscale Scores (mean item rating, range 1-4, higher score=greater impulsivity) in change from baseline to 1 month after the 12-week interventions. Evaluations on (1) Negative Urgency, (2) Perseverance, (3) Premeditation, (4) Sensation Seeking, and (5) Positive Urgency; Cyders MA, Littlefield AK, Coffey S, Karyadi KA. Examination of a short English version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Addict Behav 39(9):1372-1376, 2014.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 17 weeks: Baseline, 1-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months post-treatment on the Short Impulsive Behavior Subscales	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Short Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P) Subscale Scores (mean item rating, range 1-4, higher score=greater impulsivity) in change from baseline to 6 months after the 12-week interventions. Evaluations on (1) Negative Urgency, (2) Perseverance, (3) Premeditation, (4) Sensation Seeking, and (5) Positive Urgency; Cyders MA, Littlefield AK, Coffey S, Karyadi KA. Examination of a short English version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Addict Behav 39(9):1372-1376, 2014.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment on the Short Impulsive Behavior Subscales	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Short Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P) Subscale Scores (mean item rating, range 1-4, higher score=greater impulsivity) in change from baseline to 12 months after the 12-week interventions. Evaluations on (1) Negative Urgency, (2) Perseverance, (3) Premeditation, (4) Sensation Seeking, and (5) Positive Urgency; Cyders MA, Littlefield AK, Coffey S, Karyadi KA. Examination of a short English version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Addict Behav 39(9):1372-1376, 2014.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change in aggression from baseline to 1 month post-treatment on the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire Total Score (29 item sum, range 29-145, higher score=greater aggression) in change from baseline to 1 month after the 12-week interventions.; Buss AH, Perry M. The Aggression Questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol 63(3):452-459, 1992.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 17 weeks: Baseline, 1-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months post-treatment on the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire Total Score (29 item sum, range 29-145, higher score=greater aggression) in change from baseline to 6 months after the 12-week interventions.; Buss AH, Perry M. The Aggression Questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol 63(3):452-459, 1992.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment on the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire Total Score (29 item sum, range 29-145, higher score=greater aggression) in change from baseline to 12 months after the 12-week interventions.; Buss AH, Perry M. The Aggression Questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol 63(3):452-459, 1992.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month post-treatment on the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire Subscales	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire Subscale Scores (subscale item sum, higher score=greater aggression) in change from baseline to 1 month after the 12-week interventions. Evaluated on: Physical Aggression (9 items, range 9-45), Verbal Aggression (5 items, range 5-25), Anger (7 items, range 7-35), and Hostility (8 items, range 8-40).; Buss AH, Perry M. The Aggression Questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol 63(3):452-459, 1992.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 17 weeks: Baseline, 1-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months post-treatment on the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire Subscales	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire Subscale Scores (subscale item sum, higher score=greater aggression) in change from baseline to 6 months after the 12-week interventions. Evaluated on: Physical Aggression (9 items, range 9-45), Verbal Aggression (5 items, range 5-25), Anger (7 items, range 7-35), and Hostility (8 items, range 8-40).; Buss AH, Perry M. The Aggression Questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol 63(3):452-459, 1992.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment on the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire Subscales	Evaluation of treatment group differences on the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire Subscale Scores (subscale item sum, higher score=greater aggression) in change from baseline to 12 months after the 12-week interventions. Evaluated on: Physical Aggression (9 items, range 9-45), Verbal Aggression (5 items, range 5-25), Anger (7 items, range 7-35), and Hostility (8 items, range 8-40).; Buss AH, Perry M. The Aggression Questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol 63(3):452-459, 1992.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month post-treatment in event-related potential in response to trauma-specific auditory stimuli	Evaluation of treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month following the 12-week interventions in event-related potential (ERP) on trauma-specific threatening auditory stimuli compared to non-specific threatening and non-threatening auditory stimuli. Measured as change in microvolts separately on the N2 and P3 ERP components.; Tillman GD et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and threat memory: selective reduction of combat threat memory p300 response after right frontal-lobe stimulation. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 23(1):40-7, 2011.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 17 weeks: Baseline, 1-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months post-treatment in event-related potential in response to trauma-specific auditory stimuli	Evaluation of treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months following the 12-week interventions in event-related potential (ERP) on trauma-specific threatening auditory stimuli compared to non-specific threatening and non-threatening auditory stimuli. Measured as change in microvolts separately on the N2 and P3 ERP components.; Tillman GD et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and threat memory: selective reduction of combat threat memory p300 response after right frontal-lobe stimulation. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 23(1):40-7, 2011.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment in event-related potential in response to trauma-specific auditory stimuli	Evaluation of treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months following the 12-week interventions in event-related potential (ERP) on trauma-specific threatening auditory stimuli compared to non-specific threatening and non-threatening auditory stimuli. Measured as change in microvolts separately on the N2 and P3 ERP components.; Tillman GD et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and threat memory: selective reduction of combat threat memory p300 response after right frontal-lobe stimulation. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 23(1):40-7, 2011.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month post-treatment in event-related potential in response to trauma-specific visual stimuli	Evaluation of treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month following the 12-week interventions in event-related potential (ERP) on trauma-specific visual stimuli compared to non-specific threatening and non-threatening visual stimuli. Measured as change in microvolts separately on the N2 and P3 ERP components.; DeLaRosa BL et al. Electrophysiological spatiotemporal dynamics during implicit visual threat processing. Brain Cogn 91:54-61, 2014.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 17 weeks: Baseline, 1-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months post-treatment in event-related potential in response to trauma-specific visual stimuli	Evaluation of treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months following the 12-week interventions in event-related potential (ERP) on trauma-specific visual stimuli compared to non-specific threatening and non-threatening visual stimuli. Measured as change in microvolts separately on the N2 and P3 ERP components.; DeLaRosa BL et al. Electrophysiological spatiotemporal dynamics during implicit visual threat processing. Brain Cogn 91:54-61, 2014.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment in event-related potential in response to trauma-specific visual stimuli	Evaluation of treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months following the 12-week interventions in event-related potential (ERP) on trauma-specific visual stimuli compared to non-specific threatening and non-threatening visual stimuli. Measured as change in microvolts separately on the N2 and P3 ERP components.; DeLaRosa BL et al. Electrophysiological spatiotemporal dynamics during implicit visual threat processing. Brain Cogn 91:54-61, 2014.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month post-treatment in electroencephalography power in response to trauma-specific auditory stimuli	Evaluation of treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month following the 12-week interventions in change in electroencephalography (EEG) power within alpha- and theta-bands to trauma-specific threatening auditory stimuli compared to non-specific threatening and non-threatening auditory stimuli. For task conditions of interest, EEG power will be calculated separately at each electrode as log transformed, absolute power averages in the delta (1.5-3.5 Hz), theta (4-7.5 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), and beta (13.5-25 Hz) bands over time.; Tillman GD et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and threat memory: selective reduction of combat threat memory p300 response after right frontal-lobe stimulation. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 23(1):40-7, 2011.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 17 weeks: Baseline, 1-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months post-treatment in electroencephalography power in response to trauma-specific auditory stimuli	Evaluation of treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months following the 12-week interventions in change in electroencephalography (EEG) power within alpha- and theta-bands to trauma-specific threatening auditory stimuli compared to non-specific threatening and non-threatening auditory stimuli. For task conditions of interest, EEG power will be calculated separately at each electrode as log transformed, absolute power averages in the delta (1.5-3.5 Hz), theta (4-7.5 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), and beta (13.5-25 Hz) bands over time.; Tillman GD et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and threat memory: selective reduction of combat threat memory p300 response after right frontal-lobe stimulation. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 23(1):40-7, 2011.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment in electroencephalography power in response to trauma-specific auditory stimuli	Evaluation of treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months following the 12-week interventions in change in electroencephalography (EEG) power within alpha- and theta-bands to trauma-specific threatening auditory stimuli compared to non-specific threatening and non-threatening auditory stimuli. For task conditions of interest, EEG power will be calculated separately at each electrode as log transformed, absolute power averages in the delta (1.5-3.5 Hz), theta (4-7.5 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), and beta (13.5-25 Hz) bands over time.; Tillman GD et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and threat memory: selective reduction of combat threat memory p300 response after right frontal-lobe stimulation. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 23(1):40-7, 2011.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month post-treatment in electroencephalography power in response to trauma-specific visual stimuli	Evaluation of treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month following the 12-week interventions in change in electroencephalography (EEG) power within alpha- and theta-bands to trauma-specific visual stimuli compared to non-specific threatening and non-threatening visual stimuli. For task conditions of interest, EEG power will be calculated separately at each electrode as log transformed, absolute power averages in the delta (1.5-3.5 Hz), theta (4-7.5 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), and beta (13.5-25 Hz) bands over time.; DeLaRosa BL et al. Electrophysiological spatiotemporal dynamics during implicit visual threat processing. Brain Cogn 91:54-61, 2014.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 17 weeks: Baseline, 1-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months post-treatment in electroencephalography power in response to trauma-specific visual stimuli	Evaluation of treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months following the 12-week interventions in change in electroencephalography (EEG) power within alpha- and theta-bands to trauma-specific visual stimuli compared to non-specific threatening and non-threatening visual stimuli. For task conditions of interest, EEG power will be calculated separately at each electrode as log transformed, absolute power averages in the delta (1.5-3.5 Hz), theta (4-7.5 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), and beta (13.5-25 Hz) bands over time.; DeLaRosa BL et al. Electrophysiological spatiotemporal dynamics during implicit visual threat processing. Brain Cogn 91:54-61, 2014.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment in electroencephalography power in response to trauma-specific visual stimuli	Evaluation of treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months following the 12-week interventions in change in electroencephalography (EEG) power within alpha- and theta-bands to trauma-specific visual stimuli compared to non-specific threatening and non-threatening visual stimuli. For task conditions of interest, EEG power will be calculated separately at each electrode as log transformed, absolute power averages in the delta (1.5-3.5 Hz), theta (4-7.5 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), and beta (13.5-25 Hz) bands over time.; DeLaRosa BL et al. Electrophysiological spatiotemporal dynamics during implicit visual threat processing. Brain Cogn 91:54-61, 2014.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month post-treatment in event-related potential responses in inhibitory control	Evaluation of treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month following the 12-week interventions in change in event-related potential (ERP) on inhibitory control trials (i.e., No-Go trials on the semantically cued inhibitory control task). Measured as change in microvolts separately on the N2 and P3 ERP components.; Maguire MJ et al. The influence of perceptual and semantic categorization on inhibitory processing as measured by the N2-P3 response. Brain Cog 71; 196-203, 2009.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 17 weeks: Baseline, 1-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months post-treatment in event-related potential responses in inhibitory control	Evaluation of treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months following the 12-week interventions in change in event-related potential (ERP) on inhibitory control trials (i.e., No-Go trials on the semantically cued inhibitory control task). Measured as change in microvolts separately on the N2 and P3 ERP components.; Maguire MJ et al. The influence of perceptual and semantic categorization on inhibitory processing as measured by the N2-P3 response. Brain Cog 71; 196-203, 2009.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12-month post-treatment in event-related potential responses in inhibitory control	Evaluation of treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months following the 12-week interventions in change in event-related potential (ERP) on inhibitory control trials (i.e., No-Go trials on the semantically cued inhibitory control task). Measured as change in microvolts separately on the N2 and P3 ERP components.; Maguire MJ et al. The influence of perceptual and semantic categorization on inhibitory processing as measured by the N2-P3 response. Brain Cog 71; 196-203, 2009.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1-month post-treatment in resting-state electroencephalography power	Evaluation of treatment group differences in change from baseline to 1 month following the 12-week interventions in change in resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) power. EEG power will be calculated separately at each electrode as the log transformed, absolute power in the delta (1.5-3.5 Hz), theta (4-7.5 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), and beta (13.5-25 Hz) bands for each eyes-open and eyes-closed epoch, and groups differences from baseline to 1-month in the average differences in the log transformed, absolute power between the eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions will be evaluated.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 17 weeks: Baseline, 1-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6-months post-treatment in resting-state electroencephalography power	Evaluation of treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months following the 12-week interventions in change in resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) power. EEG power will be calculated separately at each electrode as the log transformed, absolute power in the delta (1.5-3.5 Hz), theta (4-7.5 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), and beta (13.5-25 Hz) bands for each eyes-open and eyes-closed epoch, and groups differences from baseline to 1-month in the average differences in the log transformed, absolute power between the eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions will be evaluated.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12-months post-treatment in resting-state electroencephalography power	Evaluation of treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months following the 12-week interventions in change in resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) power. EEG power will be calculated separately at each electrode as the log transformed, absolute power in the delta (1.5-3.5 Hz), theta (4-7.5 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), and beta (13.5-25 Hz) bands for each eyes-open and eyes-closed epoch, and groups differences from baseline to 1-month in the average differences in the log transformed, absolute power between the eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions will be evaluated.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6-months post-treatment trauma-specific responses in blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging	Evaluation of treatment group differences from baseline to 6 months following the 12-week interventions in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal change (mean percent signal-change from the task baseline) to trauma-specific visual stimuli compared to non-specific threatening and non-threatening visual stimuli.; Calley CS, et al. Threat as a feature in visual semantic object memory. Hum Brain Mapp. 34(8):1946-55, 2013.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment trauma-specific responses in blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging	Evaluation of treatment group differences from baseline to 12 months following the 12-week interventions in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal change (mean percent signal-change from the task baseline) to trauma-specific visual stimuli compared to non-specific threatening and non-threatening visual stimuli.; Calley CS, et al. Threat as a feature in visual semantic object memory. Hum Brain Mapp. 34(8):1946-55, 2013.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 6 months post-treatment in resting-state functional connectivity	Evaluation of treatment group differences from baseline to 6 months following the 12-week interventions in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) resting-state connectivity. Group differences in seed-based connectivity indices (mean standardized coherence parameter estimates) with right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, amygdalae, thalamus, and dorsal anterior cingulate as the primary therapeutic targets will be calculated.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 37 weeks: Baseline, 6-Month Post-Treatment
Secondary	Treatment group differences in change from baseline to 12 months post-treatment in resting-state functional connectivity	Evaluation of treatment group differences from baseline to 12 months following the 12-week interventions in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) resting-state connectivity. Group differences in seed-based connectivity indices (mean standardized coherence parameter estimates) with right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, amygdalae, thalamus, and dorsal anterior cingulate as the primary therapeutic targets will be calculated.	Outcome measures will be measured twice over a period of 61 weeks: Baseline, 12-Month Post-Treatment