Phantom Limb Syndrome Clinical Trial
Official title:
Acupuncture for the Treatment of Phantom Limb Syndrome: A Randomised Controlled Trial (Feasibility Study)
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of acupuncture
for the treatment of phantom limb syndrome in lower limb amputees and pilot an acupuncture
protocol. The study will be a comparative effectiveness study comparing acupuncture and
standard care versus standard care alone and will be a randomised controlled trial using a
mixed methods approach. The study hypothesis is a course of acupuncture will reduce the
symptoms of phantom limb syndrome in lower limb amputees.
The study will be based the Amputee Rehabilitation Unit, London. Twenty lower limb amputees
with phantom limb syndrome will be randomly assigned to either receive usual care or usual
care plus acupuncture. Acupuncture intervention will include 8 treatments over 4 weeks and
treatment will involve using both body and auricular acupuncture points. Usual care will
include physiotherapy, occupational therapy, pharmacological intervention and other
interventions as deemed appropriate by clinical staff.
An eleven point numerical rating scale will be the primary outcome measure in this study.
Secondary outcome measures will include the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire 2,
EQ-5D-5L, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Insomnia Severity
Index, Participant Global Impression of Change and information will also be obtained on
rescue medication. A cheek swab will also be taken to explore potential subgroups of
responders in relation to the genetic polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor. Outcomes
will be recorded weekly for the duration of the study and one and three months post
completion of the study. In order to identify protocol acceptability and acceptability of
outcome measures five participants will be interviewed post completion of the study. Data
will also inform feasibility such as recruitment rate, completion rate and reasons for
dropout.
Data from this study will guide the development of a full randomised controlled trial.
The feasibility study will be a comparative effectiveness study. A randomised controlled
trial (RCT) using a mixed methods approach will be employed to evaluate the effect of
acupuncture on phantom limb syndrome. The RCT will be an open pragmatic effectiveness trial,
of parallel and fixed size design with usual care control. It will be unstratified, with
balanced randomization (1:1). It will be conducted at the Amputee Rehabilitation Unit (ARU)
at Lambeth Community Care Centre, London, UK. Quantitative data will be collected using
standardised, validated outcome measures. Qualitative data will be collected post completion
of the study through one to one semi-structured interviews.
Twenty participants will be approached and recruited whilst they are inpatients at the ARU.
Those felt to meet the inclusion criteria will be identified by the key contact in the
rehabilitation team. Potential participants will then be approached by the researcher,
provided with verbal and written information about the study and be advised to take up to
seven days to consider if they wish to participate in the study or not. No consent will be
obtained at the time of providing information about the study.
Participants who consent to being involved in the study will be screened for eligibility and
if eligible will be randomly assigned into either, usual care plus acupuncture (group A) or
usual care only (group B). Randomisation and allocation concealment will be used to ensure
against selection bias. A computer generated random numbers table will be used in this study
and randomisation will be unstratified and balanced (1:1). Allocation concealment will be
implemented using sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes. Randomisation and
allocation concealment will be generated by a researcher not directly involved in the study.
As the study is pragmatic all groups will receive usual care. Usual care will include both
medical intervention, physiotherapy / rehabilitation and any other intervention used at the
ARU. Group A will receive usual care and a standard course of acupuncture (as already agreed
with an expert panel of acupuncture practitioners). Group B will receive standard care only.
The acupuncture intervention in this study will be pragmatic but strict guidelines will be
adhered to within this pragmatic approach. These guidelines have been developed though
current literature and a Delphi study with acupuncture practitioners and consists of some
specific acupuncture points and points selected for that patient according to Chinese
diagnosis. Acupuncture guidelines include:
- Using a combination of body and auricular acupuncture
- Treating the opposite limb to amputation and possibly also the residual limb
- Using auricular acupuncture points such as shen men, sympathetic, points corresponding
to the lower limb
- Using body acupuncture points around the stump (depending on the health of the tissue
and the patient), mirroring local and distal points by needling them on the opposite
limb, and points on the lower back taking a segmental approach to dermatomal pain
- Including points such as; LI4 + LR3, LR3, GV20, SP10 and individual specific points
according to specific symptoms
- Electro-acupuncture may be used
- Retaining needles for 20-30 minutes
- Treating twice weekly for four weeks
At the commencement of the study group A and group B participant baseline demographic data
will be collected by the researcher and in group A, a full Traditional Chinese Medicine
Assessment will be completed by the acupuncture practitioner administering treatment. In
both groups initial outcome measures will also be completed at this time and a cheek swab
taken. For the duration of the study outcome measures will be collected once weekly from
both groups by the researcher. Outcome measures will also be collected one and three months
post completion of the study to assess long term effects of acupuncture intervention. At
these two time points participants will be posted questionnaires to complete and return to
the researcher.
In order to identify protocol acceptability and acceptability of which outcomes are
meaningful to participants and would potentially demonstrate the impact of acupuncture in
future trials, five participants will be consulted post completion of the study. This phase
of the study will take a qualitative approach comprising of one off semi-structured
interviews. This approach was taken to allow participants time to develop accounts of issues
important to them with the aim of generating detailed data. If participants are still
inpatients at the ARU at time of interview the interviews will take place there. If
participants have been discharged the interview will take place in the participant's home or
at their follow up outpatient appointment.
Data analysis will test for within-patient and between group differences in measurements
taken at the beginning of the study, during the study, at the end and one month and three
months post completion of the study. An intention to treat approach will be taken. In order
to include missing data it will be imputed using last observation carried forward (LOCF).
Analysis of primary outcome measure (numerical pain rating scale): As the numerical rating
scale produces ordinal data, median and range values will be evaluated. Raw change and
percentage change will be calculated. A 95% confidence interval will be used in this study.
Statistical analysis will be performed to verify rejection of the null hypothesis with a P
value of 0.05 selected as indicative of statistical significance. As the data is ordinal and
of small sample size non-parametric tests will be used in analysis. (Non parametric tests
should be used on small sample sizes as under these conditions it is hard to see if data is
normally distributed). The non-parametric Mann Whitney U test will be used for analysis
between groups. Difference between baseline and last observation scores will be analysed
using Wilcoxon signed-ranks test. All analysis will be undertaken using SPSS Version 21
software.
Analysis of secondary outcome measures: As all secondary outcomes produce ordinal data they
will be treated as the numerical rating scale reporting median and range values and using
the nonparametric tests as listed above. A P value of 0.05 will be considered indicative of
statistical significance.
Baseline characteristics: Categorical data (such as gender and ethnicity) will be shown as n
(%). As the study is small it is expected that data will not be normally distributed and
therefore continuous data (such as age and duration of PLSd) will be shown as median and
range values. Categorical baseline characteristics will be analysed using Fisher's exact
test (as the data is categorical / nominal and unrelated). Continuous data will be analysed
using the Mann-Whitney U test. As with the outcome measures a P value of 0.05 will be
selected as indicative of statistical significance.
Feasibility Study Specific: Compliance with the protocol will be examined through number
counts on drop outs / nonattendance completion rates of outcome measures and deviation from
protocol.
Qualitative data analysis: Framework analysis will be used to analyse data from the
semi-structured interviews. NVIVO 10 software will be used in data analysis. Data analysis
will be transparent, comparative and reflexive. Analysis will focus on the latent content of
the text. Transcripts will be read until the researcher is completely familiar with the
data. Data will be coded, and an analytical framework will be developed. Data will then be
indexed to the analytical framework, charted and mapped.
Reporting: Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines will be adhered
to when reporting. The STandards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of
Acupuncture (STRICTA) comprises of a checklist that expands the generic content of the
CONSORT statement to include information on acupuncture intervention and will also be used
in this study. Information will be recorded on style of acupuncture, reason for treatment
provided, extent to which treatment was varied, number of needle insertions per subject per
session, names of points used, depth of insertion, response sought, needle stimulation,
needle retention time, needle type (diameter, length, manufacturer or material), number of
treatment sessions, frequency and duration of treatment sessions, details of any other
intervention administered (e.g. lifestyle advise), settings and context of treatment,
practitioners background, precise description and rationale for control.
;
Allocation: Randomized, Endpoint Classification: Efficacy Study, Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment, Masking: Open Label, Primary Purpose: Treatment
| Status | Clinical Trial | Phase | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Completed |
NCT02366832 -
Cryoablation for Phantom Limb Pain
|
N/A |