Consumption of Apple Juice in Hemodialysis Patients

Oxidative Stress Clinical Trial

Official title:

Acute Consumption of Fuji Apple Juice Does Not Affect Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Hemodialysis Patients: A Pilot Intervention Study

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT02974491
• Other study ID #: 37090614.6.0000.0118
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• First received: November 10, 2016
• Last updated: November 22, 2016
• Start date: August 2015
• Est. completion date: October 2015

Study information

• Verified date: November 2016
• Source: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Health authority: Brazil: National Committee of Ethics in Research
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

The investigators hypothesized that acute consumption of Fuji apple juice (AJ) could increase the antioxidant status and/or decrease the oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers, without increasing serum biochemical parameters in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). In this pre-post pilot feasibility study, patients served as their own controls, received 300 and 150 mL AJ immediately after a dialysis section, on different days, with a 3 week-washout period. Blood was collected at the baseline period, after 30 and 60 min of AJ consumption. OS biomarkers (total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), ascorbic acid, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) and potassium, phosphorus, uric acid, and glucose concentrations were analyzed.

Description:

Subjects and study design

In this pre-post pilot feasibility study, subjects served as their own controls. Participants were recruited from a hemodialysis clinic, located in Florianópolis' metropolitan area, Santa Catarina state (Southern Brazil), from June to August 2015 with the following inclusion criteria: hemodialysis treatment ≥ 3 months, age ≥ 20 years, and body mass index (BMI) ≥ 23 kg/m2. Exclusion criteria were allergy to apple, presence of cancer or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, kidney transplant less than 6 months before enrolling in the study, taking antioxidant or nutritional supplements during the 30 days before enrollment, having been hospitalized within 6 weeks before the beginning of the study, or suffering from an acute illness.

Subjects were instructed to keep their usual dietary habits for the duration of the study, except for avoiding intake of polyphenol-rich foods (i.e., vegetables, fruits and fruit-containing products, chocolate, tea, coffee, honey, and any alcoholic beverage) within 2 days before and during intervention. On two different days, each volunteer consumed 300 mL Fuji AJ, immediately after a dialysis section. After a washout period of 3 weeks, the volunteers drank 150 mL Fuji AJ in a similar manner as described above. Before and after 30 and 60 min of AJ consumption, blood samples were withdrawn for biochemical analysis. This protocol was chosen taking into account the previous favorable effects of AJ consumption on serum OS biomarkers described for healthy volunteers.

Baseline clinical and biochemical data were obtained from medical records. This study was approved by the ethics committee of human research of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) (protocol number 37090614.6.0000.0118) and all participants gave written and informed consent.

Apple juice and analysis

Fuji apples were obtained from the Experimental Seasonal Fields at the Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina' Station in the city of São Joaquin, Santa Catarina, Brazil (latitude 28º 17' 39", longitude 49º 55' 56" and altitude 1.415 m), harvested in their commercial maturation stage during 2015's harvest. After harvest, apples were stored at 4 ± 1°C. To allow for a quick and easy apple intake in large amounts, 300 mL of AJ, equivalent to 3.5 apples, and 150 mL AJ, equivalent to 1.5 apples were used. Before preparing the juice, the fruits were sanitized in sodium hypochlorite. Apples with peel and no seeds were blended in a centrifugal juice extractor without water addition. Each dose of AJ was prepared and consumed immediately.

The contents of dry matter, total soluble solids, potential of hydrogen (pH) and titratable acidity of AJ were measured following official methods. The total phenolic content of the AJ extracts was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method colorimetric. The total flavanol content was estimated using p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) method. The total antioxidant capacity was determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) method. For total monomeric anthocyanin, a spectrophotometric pH differential method was used. Analyses were conducted with each AJ used in the two intervention days, in triplicate.

Blood sampling and laboratory methods

In each experiment day, blood samples from participants were collected in three different moments. Venous blood samples were collected using a vacuum system (Vacutainer Becton Dickinson BD®, São Paulo, Brazil) into heparin, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-containing tubes or additive-free tubes. Plasma and serum were immediately obtained by centrifugation (3,000 revolutions per minute (RPM), 10 min, room temperature) for the measurement of uric acid, phosphorus, glucose, potassium, Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) and Total Oxidant Status( TOS). In order to quantify the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, an aliquot of whole blood was lysed. In order to measure reduced glutathione (GSH), an aliquot of whole blood was preserved in N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). All samples were immediately stored at -80°C for later analysis in duplicate.

Serum uric acid, phosphorus and glucose concentrations were determined using commercially available kits (Labtest Diagnóstica SA, Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil) in an automated multi-biochemical analyzer (Cobas Miras Plus, Roche®, Germany). Serum potassium levels were measured in an automated Dimension Max System (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products®, Germany), according to the manufacturer's instructions.

TAS and TOS assays were measured spectrophotometrically, according to Erel's methods. Ascorbic acid and GSH were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), as previously described. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was evaluated using SOD Assay Kit (Sigma Aldrich®, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Catalase (CAT) activity was determined spectrophotometrically according to the previously described method. The glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was determined using the NADPH oxidation rate method.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 6
• Est. completion date: October 2015
• Est. primary completion date: October 2015
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: Both
• Age group: 20 Years and older

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• hemodialysis treatment = 3 months, age = 20 years, and body mass index = 23 kg/m2

Exclusion Criteria:

• allergy to apple, presence of cancer or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, kidney transplant less than 6 months before enrolling in the study, taking antioxidant or nutritional supplements during the 30 days before enrollment, having been hospitalized within 6 weeks before the beginning of the study, or suffering from an acute illness

Study Design

Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment, Masking: Open Label, Primary Purpose: Treatment

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Oxidative Stress

Intervention

Other:
• Fuji apple juice
On two different days, each volunteer consumed 300 mL Fuji apple juice (AJ), immediately after a dialysis section. After a washout period of 3 weeks, the volunteers drank 150 mL Fuji AJ in a similar manner as described above. Before and after 30 and 60 min of AJ consumption, blood samples were withdrawn for biochemical analysis.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
n/a

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

References & Publications (23)

Arnous, A, Markis, D, Kefalas, P. Correlation of pigment and flavonol content with antioxidant properties in selected aged regional wines from Greece. J Food Composit Ana 2002;15(6):655-65.

Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Official Methods of Analysis. 18th ed. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists; 2005.

Brand-Williams, W, Cuvelier, ME, Berset, C. Use of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT Food Sci Technol 1995;28(1):25-30.

Castilla P, Echarri R, Dávalos A, Cerrato F, Ortega H, Teruel JL, Lucas MF, Gómez-Coronado D, Ortuño J, Lasunción MA. Concentrated red grape juice exerts antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antiinflammatory effects in both hemodialysis patients and healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jul;84(1):252-62. — View Citation

Chung WY, Chung JK, Szeto YT, Tomlinson B, Benzie IF. Plasma ascorbic acid: measurement, stability and clinical utility revisited. Clin Biochem. 2001 Nov;34(8):623-7. — View Citation

Dai X, Luo H, Jiang L, Ling L, Xue Y, Yu Z. Efficacy of different sanitizing agents and their combination on microbe population and quality of fresh-cut Chinese chives. J Food Sci. 2012 Jul;77(7):M348-53. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02770.x. — View Citation

Erel O. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem. 2005 Dec;38(12):1103-11. — View Citation

Erel O. A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clin Biochem. 2004 Apr;37(4):277-85. — View Citation

Fouque D, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple J, Cano N, Chauveau P, Cuppari L, Franch H, Guarnieri G, Ikizler TA, Kaysen G, Lindholm B, Massy Z, Mitch W, Pineda E, Stenvinkel P, Treviño-Becerra A, Wanner C. A proposed nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for protein-energy wasting in acute and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2008 Feb;73(4):391-8. Erratum in: Kidney Int. 2008 Aug;74(3):393. Trevinho-Becerra, A [corrected to Treviño-Becerra, A]. — View Citation

Giustarini D, Dalle-Donne I, Milzani A, Fanti P, Rossi R. Analysis of GSH and GSSG after derivatization with N-ethylmaleimide. Nat Protoc. 2013 Sep;8(9):1660-9. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2013.095. — View Citation

Giusti, MM, Wrolstad, RE. Anthocyanins: characterization and measurement with UV-visible spectroscopy. In: Wrolstald, RE, ed. Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons; 2001, p. 1-13.

Golding JB, McGlasson WB, Wyllie SG, Leach DN. Fate of apple peel phenolics during cool storage. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 May;49(5):2283-9. — View Citation

Halliwell, B, Gutteridge, JMC. Cellular responses to oxidative stress: adaptation, damage, repair, senescence and death. In: Halliwell, B, Gutteridge, JMC. Free Radical in Biology and Medicine. 4th ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2007, p. 87-267.

International Diabetes Federation. Guideline for management of postmeal glucose in diabetes, http://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/postmeal%20glucose%20guidelines.pdf; 2011 [accessed 03.10.16].

Johansson LH, Borg LA. A spectrophotometric method for determination of catalase activity in small tissue samples. Anal Biochem. 1988 Oct;174(1):331-6. — View Citation

McDonald CI, Fraser JF, Coombes JS, Fung YL. Oxidative stress during extracorporeal circulation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014 Dec;46(6):937-43. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezt637. Review. — View Citation

Melidou M, Riganakos K, Galaris D. Protection against nuclear DNA damage offered by flavonoids in cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide: the role of iron chelation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2005 Dec 15;39(12):1591-600. — View Citation

National Kidney Foundation.. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003 Oct;42(4 Suppl 3):S1-201. — View Citation

Ruskovska T, Jansen EH, Antarorov R. Evaluation of assays for measurement of serum (anti)oxidants in hemodialysis patients. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:843157. doi: 10.1155/2014/843157. — View Citation

Shema-Didi L, Sela S, Ore L, Shapiro G, Geron R, Moshe G, Kristal B. One year of pomegranate juice intake decreases oxidative stress, inflammation, and incidence of infections in hemodialysis patients: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Free Radic Biol Med. 2012 Jul 15;53(2):297-304. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.013. — View Citation

Singleton, VL, Rossi, JA. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic 1965;16(3):144-58.

Spormann TM, Albert FW, Rath T, Dietrich H, Will F, Stockis JP, Eisenbrand G, Janzowski C. Anthocyanin/polyphenolic-rich fruit juice reduces oxidative cell damage in an intervention study with patients on hemodialysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Dec;17(12):3372-80. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0364. — View Citation

Wendel A. Glutathione peroxidase. Methods Enzymol. 1981;77:325-33. — View Citation

* Note: There are 23 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Measuring oxidative stress biomarkers	Total antioxidant status (TAS) (mmol/L) and total oxidant status (TOS) (mmol/L) was measured at the baseline period, after 30 and 60 min of acute consumption of 300 and 150 mL of Fuji apple (Malus domestica Borkh) juice. Patients were not fasted for the withdrawal of blood. This measure was taken to prevent discomfort among volunteers. Venous blood samples were collected through aseptic venipuncture on the opposite arm of the arteriovenous fistula by a qualified professional using a vacuum system into heparin or EDTA-containing tubes or tubes without additives according to established standards of clinical and biological safety.	Change from baseline at 30 and 60 minutes	No
Primary	Measuring endogenous antioxidant enzymes	Catalase (U mg/Hb), glutathione peroxidase (U mg/Hb) and superoxide dismutase (U mg/Hb) was measured at the baseline period, after 30 and 60 min of acute consumption of 300 and 150 mL of Fuji apple (Malus domestica Borkh) juice. Patients were not fasted for the withdrawal of blood. This measure was taken to prevent discomfort among volunteers. Venous blood samples were collected through aseptic venipuncture on the opposite arm of the arteriovenous fistula by a qualified professional using a vacuum system into heparin or EDTA-containing tubes or tubes without additives according to established standards of clinical and biological safety.	Change from baseline at 30 and 60 minutes	No
Primary	Measuring oxidative stress biomarkers	Ascorbic acid (micromole/L) was measured at the baseline period, after 30 and 60 min of acute consumption of 300 and 150 mL of Fuji apple (Malus domestica Borkh) juice. Patients were not fasted for the withdrawal of blood. This measure was taken to prevent discomfort among volunteers. Venous blood samples were collected through aseptic venipuncture on the opposite arm of the arteriovenous fistula by a qualified professional using a vacuum system into heparin or EDTA-containing tubes or tubes without additives according to established standards of clinical and biological safety.	Change from baseline at 30 and 60 minutes	No
Primary	Measuring oxidative stress biomarkers	Reduced glutathione (micromole mg/Hb) was measured at the baseline period, after 30 and 60 min of acute consumption of 300 and 150 mL of Fuji apple (Malus domestica Borkh) juice. Patients were not fasted for the withdrawal of blood. This measure was taken to prevent discomfort among volunteers. Venous blood samples were collected through aseptic venipuncture on the opposite arm of the arteriovenous fistula by a qualified professional using a vacuum system into heparin or EDTA-containing tubes or tubes without additives according to established standards of clinical and biological safety.	Change from baseline at 30 and 60 minutes	No
Primary	Measuring serum biochemical parameters	Potassium (mmol/L), phosphorus (mmol/L) and glucose (mmol/L) was measured at the baseline period, after 30 and 60 min of acute consumption of 300 and 150 mL of Fuji apple (Malus domestica Borkh) juice. Patients were not fasted for the withdrawal of blood. This measure was taken to prevent discomfort among volunteers. Venous blood samples were collected through aseptic venipuncture on the opposite arm of the arteriovenous fistula by a qualified professional using a vacuum system into heparin or EDTA-containing tubes or tubes without additives according to established standards of clinical and biological safety.	Change from baseline at 30 and 60 minutes	No
Primary	Measuring serum biochemical parameters	Uric acid (micromole/L) was measured at the baseline period, after 30 and 60 min of acute consumption of 300 and 150 mL of Fuji apple (Malus domestica Borkh) juice. Patients were not fasted for the withdrawal of blood. This measure was taken to prevent discomfort among volunteers. Venous blood samples were collected through aseptic venipuncture on the opposite arm of the arteriovenous fistula by a qualified professional using a vacuum system into heparin or EDTA-containing tubes or tubes without additives according to established standards of clinical and biological safety.	Change from baseline at 30 and 60 minutes	No
Primary	Evaluating heigth	Height (meters) data were obtained from the patient's files.	at baseline	Yes
Primary	Evaluating weight	Weight (kilograms) data were obtained from the patient's files.	At baseline	Yes
Primary	Evaluating body mass index	Body mass index (BMI) (Kg/m2) data were obtained from the patient's files.	At baseline	Yes
Primary	Evaluating medication	Medication data were obtained from the patient's files.	At baseline	Yes
Primary	Evaluating adequacy of the dialysis treatment	Adequacy of the dialysis treatment was captured by extracting the routine Kt/V from the medical record.	At baseline	Yes