Clinical Trial Summary
Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common bacterial infections
globally, causing a significant proportion of medical consultations in primary and outpatient
settings. Recurrent UTI (rUTI) have a detrimental impact on the patient's quality of life,
causing a negative effect on women's social relationships, self-esteem, as well as
irritability and tiredness. Moreover, several real-life studies have shown that
reproductive-aged women with rUTI more frequently experience sexual dysfunction as compared
to controls without infections. The glycosaminoglycan layer of the bladder urothelium, mainly
composed by chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA), provides a protective barrier
against the penetration of bacteria. A deficiency of this layer facilitates bacterial
adherence, leading to recurrent infection. Treatment to restore this layer with intravesical
instillation of HA has been proven to reduce the incidence of rUTI episodes. Furthermore,
intravesical instillation with HA has been associates with sexual function improvement in
women with rUTI and painful bladder . Therefore, in conditions where the glycosaminoglycan
layer of the bladder is impaired, such as rUTIs, treatment with HA to restore it appears to
have a beneficial effect on urinary and sexual symptoms.
Recently, a randomized control trial has demonstrated that an oral formulation of HA, CS,
quercetin and curcumin was effective in improving urinary symptoms in women undergoing
intravesical chemotherapy for bladder cancer. However, there are no studies investigating the
impact of the oral administration of HA and CS on the sexual and urinary symptoms of women
with rUTI. Since rUTI are highly prevalent in sexually active women and exert a detrimental
impact on women's quality of life, sexual and urinary symptoms, the identification of oral
treatments that could alleviate these bothersome consequences is of primary clinical
importance.
Therefore we will conduct this randomized, cross-over trial to evaluate the efficacy of an
oral preparation of HA, CS, N-Acetylglucosamine and vitamin C in improving sexual and urinary
symptoms in a cohort of reproductive-aged women with rUTI.
Methods:
Pre-menopausal, sexually active women referred to our center for symptomatic rUTIs. At the
time of enrollment, participants were randomized with a 1:1 allocation ratio by means of a
computer-generated random list in two groups: intervention (I) and control (C) (Figure 1).
Inclusion and exclusion criteria We included sexually active, reproductive-aged women with
symptomatic rUTIs. Exclusion criteria: younger than 18, if they had used combined hormonal
contraception during the previous 6 months; pregnant, breastfeeding or trying to conceive, if
they had symptoms of upper UTI, a history of urinary tract anomalies/vesicoureteral reflux,
stress urinary incontinence, interstitial cystitis, diabetes, urinary tract stones,
neurologic conditions, clinical depression or depressive symptoms.
All women will be assessed with a thorough medical and sexual history. To psychometrically
quantify sexual function impairment all participants completed The Female Sexual Function
Index (FSFI) questionnaire at baseline and at each follow up assessment.
Treatment Protocol Group I: an oral preparation (capsule) of HA 100 mg, CS 400 mg,
N-Acetylglucosamine 200 mg and vitamin C 80 mg once a day in the morning plus an oral
preparation of cranberry, D-mannose, propolis extract, tumeric and Boswellia twice a day for
three months.
Group C: an oral preparation of cranberry, D-mannose, propolis extract, tumeric and Boswellia
twice a day for three months.
After three months of treatment (follow up 1) all women were evaluated with medical and
sexual history. Participants also completed the FSFI and IPSS questionnaires. At this point
the treatment was reversed (crossover scheme) for additional three months.
At 6 months follow up (follow up 2) participants were again investigated with medical and
sexual history and the IPSS and FSFI were completed. Figure 2 report the complete study
design. Monthly phone calls were performed to check for adherence to treatment.
Statistics: The sample size consisted of 25 participants in each group, calculated by using
the two-sample t-test analysis. Baseline clinical and psychometric scores will be compared
between I and C groups. Second, potential differences in FSFI values at 3-6 months follow-up
assessment will be evaluated between and within groups. Potential predictors of FSFI
improvement will be evaluated.
