Outcome
Type |
Measure |
Description |
Time frame |
Safety issue |
Primary |
Change from Baseline visual analogue scale |
Using a ruler, the score is determined by measuring the distance (mm) on the 10-cm line between the "no pain" anchor and the patient's mark, providing a range of scores from 0 to 100. A higher score indicates greater pain intensity. Based on the distribution of pain Visual Analogue Scale scores in post-surgical patients who described their postoperative pain intensity as none, mild, moderate, or severe, the following cut points on the pain Visual Analogue Scale have been recommended: no pain (0-4 mm), mild pain(5-44 mm), moderate pain (45-74 mm), and severe pain (75-100 mm). |
One day before operation, one day after operation and 1year. |
|
Primary |
Change from Baseline Oswestry Disability Index |
The ODI assesses ten aspects of daily functions viz. pain intensity, personal care, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, sex life, social life and travelling. An ODI of 0-20% indicates minimal disability; the patients can cope with most living activities and usually no treatment is indicated, apart from advice on lifting, sitting and exercise. An ODI of 21-40% indicates moderate disability; the patients experience more pain and difficulty with sitting, lifting and standing; travel and social life are more difficult and they may be disabled from work; personal care, sexual activity and sleeping are not grossly affected. An ODI of 41-60% indicates severe disability; pain remains the main problem in this group of patients; the activities of daily living are affected. Patients with an ODI of 61-80% are severely crippled in function with back pain impinging on all aspects of the patient's life. Finally, an ODI of 81-100% indicates that the patients are bed-bound. |
One day before operation, one day after operation and 1year. |
|
Primary |
Change from Baseline the local kyphotic angle |
The local kyphotic angle (LKA) was calculated by a measurement called Cobb's method, which measured the angle between the superior endplate of the upper vertebrae and the inferior endplate of the lower vertebrae. Use this to assess the degree of local kyphosis of the spine. |
One day before operation, one day after operation and 1year. |
|
Secondary |
Change from Baseline the disc height anterior |
Disc height anterior(DHA) was measured from the anterior points of the disc on lateral plain radiographs. It is used to assess the degree of height loss at the anterior border of the intervertebral space. |
One day before operation, one day after operation and 1year. |
|
Secondary |
Change from Baseline the disc height posterior |
Disc height posterior (DHP) was measured from the posterior points of the disc on lateral plain radiographs. It is used to assess the degree of height loss at the posterior border of the intervertebral space. |
One day before operation, one day after operation and 1year. |
|