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Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

NCT number NCT03194334
Other study ID # EC/2012/666
Secondary ID
Status Completed
Phase N/A
First received
Last updated
Start date December 2012
Est. completion date June 2013

Study information

Verified date October 2018
Source University Ghent
Contact n/a
Is FDA regulated No
Health authority
Study type Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Balanced vegetarian diets are popular and contain health-promoting characteristics. A balanced lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet differs in nutrient intake from an omnivorous diet, e.g. by increased intake of fibre, magnesium and antioxidants, but lower intake of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin B12. However, the impact of reduced to near absent intake of carnitine, carnosine and creatine in a vegetarian diet is less well established and could be relevant in relation to muscle function, exercise capacity and sports performance. Few longitudinal intervention studies investigating the effect of a vegetarian diet on the availability of these compounds currently exist.

This study aimed therefore to investigate the effect of of transiently switching omnivores onto a vegetarian diet for 6 months on muscle and plasma creatine, carnitine and carnosine homeostasis.

We hypothesized that homeostasis of creatine and carnosine would be disrupted when their dietary intake was missing. For carnitine, however, we hypothesized that homeostasis can be maintained given its slow turnover rate and its presence in some non-meat nutrients. A second aim was to investigate whether supplementation of creatine and beta-alanine (the rate-limiting precursor of carnosine synthesis), concurrently with a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet, was able to correct for potentially emerging deficiencies.


Description:

Forty healthy female omnivores will be included in this 6-month intervention study. Exclusion criteria are smoking, chronic use of medication, athletes participating in competitions, vegetarianism or eating meat or fish less than 5 times a week. The study is scheduled over a period of 6 months and measurements will be performed 1 week prior to the intervention (0M), after 3 months (3M) and within the last week (6M). Ten women will continue their omnivorous diet throughout the entire study (controls) and the other 30 subjects will switch to a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for 6 months. The vegetarian group will be split in 2 groups, matched for age, weight, height and baseline carnosine concentrations in soleus and gastrocnemius medialis muscles. Fifteen of them will be supplemented with beta-alanine and creatine (Veg+Suppl) and the other 15 women will receive a placebo (Veg+Pla). A co-worker, not involved in the study design and analysis, will perform the randomisation and will prepare the containers with supplements. With regard to supplementation, the study is double-blind placebo-controlled. The lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet consists of vegetables, fruits, seeds, grains, meat substitutes, eggs and dairy products and the exclusion of meat, poultry and fish. Subjects will complete a 3 day food diary at the start and after 3 months and will receive nutritional advice by a dietician during the study to prevent deficiencies in macronutrients and micronutrients. Furthermore, vegetarian recipes will be provided by email to support the subjects in their vegetarian diet.

The supplementation protocol includes simultaneously daily oral administration of creatine monohydrate (Creapure®, AlzChem AG, Germany) and slow-release beta-alanine (Carnosyn®, Natural Alternatives International, San Marcos, USA) or a placebo (maltodextrin, Natural spices, France). The supplements are considered as safe and efficacious. The Veg+Suppl group ingests 1 g of creatine monohydrate (2 capsules of 500 mg) and 0.8 g of beta-alanine (1 Carnosyn® tablet) each day during the intervention period. The Veg+Pla group will be supplemented with an identical number of capsules and tablets of maltodextrin. All subjects are asked not to take any other supplements than those provided by the current study. Compliance will be checked by asking the subjects to return the containers and counting the pills that are left. The control group, who will remain on an omnivorous diet, will not receive any supplements.

Before (0M), after 3 (3M) and 6 months (6M), subjects will perform an incremental cycling test, a fasted venous blood sample and 24hr urine will be collected, a muscle biopsy of the vastus lateralis muscle will be taken and muscle carnosine content will be determined by 1H-MRS.

A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be used to evaluate plasma and urinary metabolite concentrations, muscle carnosine, muscle biopsy metabolite concentrations, time to exhaustion (TTE) and VO2max with 'group' (Veg+Suppl; Veg+Pla; control) as between-subject factor and 'time' (0M; 3M; 6M) as within-subject factor (SPSS statistical software, SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA). For the analysis of capillary lactate and pH, measurements before and after the incremental cycling test were included as another within factor (start; end). In case of significance, analyses were repeated for each group separately and pairwise comparisons were used to compare the different time points. Values will be presented as mean ± SD and statistical significance threshold will be set at p ≤0.05.


Recruitment information / eligibility

Status Completed
Enrollment 40
Est. completion date June 2013
Est. primary completion date June 2013
Accepts healthy volunteers Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Gender Female
Age group 18 Years and older
Eligibility Inclusion Criteria:

- women

Exclusion Criteria:

- smoking, chronic use of medication or taking supplements, athletes participating in competitions, vegetarianism or eating meat or fish less than 5 times a week

Study Design


Related Conditions & MeSH terms


Intervention

Behavioral:
Vegetarian diet

Dietary Supplement:
creatine
1g creatine/day
Placebo
pills
Beta-alanine
0.8g beta-alanine per day

Locations

Country Name City State
n/a

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor Collaborator
University Ghent

Outcome

Type Measure Description Time frame Safety issue
Primary Fasted Plasma Beta-alanine Concentration Fasted venous plasma beta-alanine concentration (precursor for carnosine) at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention 6 months
Primary Gastrocnemius Carnosine Concentration Gastrocnemius carnosine concentration at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention 6 months
Primary Soleus Carnosine Concentration Soleus carnosine concentration at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention 6 months
Primary Plasma Creatine Concentration Plasma creatine concentration at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention 6 months
Primary Plasma Creatinine Concentration Plasma creatinine at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention 6 months
Primary Plasma Guanidinoacetate Concentration Plasma guanidinoacetate at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention 6 months
Primary Urinary Creatinine Concentration Urinary creatinine at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention 6 months
Primary Muscle Creatine Concentration Muscle total creatine concentration in vastus lateralis muscle at 0 and 3 months of the intervention 3 months
Primary Plasma Carnitine Concentration plasma free carnitine concentration at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention 6 months
Primary Plasma Acetylcarnitine Concentration plasma acetylcarnitine concentration at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention 6 months
Primary Plasma Total Carnitine Concentration plasma total carnitine concentration (free + acetyl) at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention 6 months
Primary Muscle Carnitine Concentration muscle free carnitine concentration in vastus lateralis muscle at 0 and 3 months of the intervention 3 months
Primary Muscle Acetylcarnitine Concentration muscle acetylcarnitine concentration in vastus lateralis muscle at 0 and 3 months of the intervention 3 months
Primary Muscle Total Carnitine Concentration muscle total carnitine concentration (free + acetylcarnitine) in vastus lateralis muscle at 0 and 3 months of the intervention 3 months
Secondary Vitamin D Status Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentration at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention 6 months
Secondary Urinary Biomarker for Meat Intake: Pi-methyl-histidine urinary pi-methyl-histidine concentration at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention 6 months
Secondary Urinary Biomarker for Meat Intake: Tau-methyl-histidine urinary tau-methyl-histidine concentration at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention 6 months
Secondary Urinary Biomarker for Meat Intake: Anserine urinary anserine concentration at 0, 3 and 6 months of the intervention 6 months
Secondary VO2max VO2max during incremental cycling test performed at 0, 3 and 6 months 6 months
Secondary Time to Exhaustion Time to exhaustion during incremental cycling test performed at 0, 3 and 6 months 6 months
Secondary Capillary Lactate capillary lactate at the start and at the end of the incremental cycling test performed at 0, 3 and 6 months 6 months
Secondary Capillary pH capillary pH at the start and at the end of the incremental cycling test performed at 0, 3 and 6 months 6 months
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