Effects of Calcium Supplementation on Women in the Curves for Women Program

Diet Modification Clinical Trial

Official title:

Effects of Calcium Supplementation on Body Composition, Metabolism and Exercise Capacity in Post-Menopausal Women Participating in the Curves for Women Fitness and Weight Loss Program

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT03878667
• Other study ID #: IRB2008-0643
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: January 1, 2004
• Est. completion date: December 31, 2005

Study information

• Verified date: March 2019
• Source: Texas A&M University
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of dietary calcium supplementation on weight loss, bone density, and markers of health and fitness in women participating in the Curves exercise and diet program.

Description:

The Curves International fitness and weight loss program has become a very popular means of promoting health and fitness among women. The program involves a 30-minute circuit training program and a weight management program involving periods of moderate caloric restriction (1,200 to 1,600 calories per day) followed by short periods of higher caloric intake (2,600 calories per day). The program is designed to promote a gradual reduction in body fat while increasing strength and muscle mass/tone. Researchers in the Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab at Texas A&M University have conducted an extensive study on the effectiveness and safety of the Curves fitness and diet program. Results of this initial study have shown that the program promotes weight loss, improves markers of health, and improves fitness. However, we feel that the program may be even more effective with some additional nutritional interventions. Calcium has been shown to slow bone loss and more recently has been found to help promote fat loss. If this is the case, supplementing the diet with calcium may promote greater benefits in women participating in the Curves fitness/diet program. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of dietary calcium supplementation on weight loss, bone density, and markers of health and fitness in women participating in the Curves exercise and diet program.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 240
• Est. completion date: December 31, 2005
• Est. primary completion date: December 31, 2005
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: Female
• Age group: 45 Years to 65 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Participant is female;

• Participant is post-menopausal;

• Participant is between the ages of 45 and 65;

• Participant is sedentary, overweight (BMI > 27) and post-menopausal;

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participant has any metabolic disorder including known electrolyte abnormalities, heart disease, arrhythmias, diabetes, or thyroid disease;

• Participant has a history of hypertension, hepatorenal, musculoskeletal, autoimmune or neurological disease;

• Participant is taking thyroid, hyperlipidemic, hypoglycemic, anti-hypertensive or androgenic medications;

• Participant has taken ergogenic levels of nutritional supplements that may affect muscle mass (i.g., creatine, HMB, etc.), anabolic/catabolic hormone levels (i.e., androstenedione, DHEA, etc.) or weight loss (i.e., ephedra, thermogenics, etc.) within three months prior to the start of the study;

• Participant is consistently taking 500 mg or more of a Calcium supplement per day;

• Participant is receiving Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT);

• Participant is involved in a planned exercise program within 3 - 6 months prior to the start of the study;

• Participant has lost > 20 lbs. within the last 3 - 6 months;

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Diet Modification

Intervention

Dietary Supplement:
• Curves Calcium
Curves Essential Bio-Available Calcium (providing 800 mg/d of calcium [as calcium citrate malate and calcium citrate], 400 IU/d of Vitamin D, 300 mg/d of magnesium, 4 mg/d of zinc, 2 mg/d of copper, 2 mg/d of manganese, 198 mg/d of potassium, 100 mg/d of trace mineral complex, and 2 mg/d of boron).
• Calcium Carbonate
Calcium (providing 950 mg/d as carbonate)
• Placebo
Dextrose placebo

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
n/a

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Texas A&M University

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Body Composition: Body Fat	Changes in body composition (% body fat) obtained via DXA and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Primary	Body Composition: Fat Free Mass	Changes in body composition (fat free mass) obtained via DXA and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Primary	Body Composition: Bone Mass	Changes in body composition (bone mass) obtained via DXA and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Primary	Body Composition: Fat Mass	Changes in body composition (fat mass) obtained via DXA and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Primary	Body Composition: Lean Mass	Changes in body composition (lean mass) obtained via DXA and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Primary	Body Composition: Body Weight	Changes in body weight (lbs. body weight) obtained via digital scale and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Primary	Energy Homeostasis: Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)	Changes in REE obtained via metabolic cart and expressed in absolute (kcals/d) and relative terms (kcals/kg/d) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Primary	Energy Homeostasis: Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)	Changes in RER as an indicator of carbohydrate and fat oxidation analyzed with related resting energy expenditure outcome measures via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Muscular Strength: 1 Repetition Maximum (1RM) Bench Press	Changes in bench press 1RM obtained from a bench press test and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 10 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Muscular Strength: 1 Repetition Maximum (1RM) Leg Press	Changes in leg press 1RM obtained from a leg press test and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 10 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Muscular Endurance: 80% of 1 Repetition Maximum (1RM) Bench Press Endurance Test	Changes in total repetitions at 80% of 1RM obtained from a bench press test and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 10 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Muscular Endurance: 80% of 1 Repetition Maximum (1RM) Leg Press Endurance Test	Changes in total repetitions at 80% of 1RM obtained from a leg press test and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 10 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Body Composition: Body Water	Changes in body water obtained via Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Lipid Panel: Cholesterol	Changes in cholesterol obtained via venous blood draws and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Lipid Panel: HDL Cholesterol	Changes in HDL cholesterol obtained via venous blood draws and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Lipid Panel: LDL Cholesterol	Changes in LDL cholesterol obtained via venous blood draws and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Lipid Panel: Triglycerides	Changes in triglycerides obtained via venous blood draws and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - CMP: Glucose	Changes in glucose obtained via venous blood draws and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - CMP: Calcium	Changes in calcium obtained via venous blood draws (comprehensive metabolic panel - CMP) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - CMP: Albumin	Changes in albumin obtained via venous blood draws (comprehensive metabolic panel - CMP) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - CMP: Total Protein	Changes in total protein obtained via venous blood draws (comprehensive metabolic panel - CMP) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - CMP: Sodium	Changes in sodium obtained via venous blood draws (comprehensive metabolic panel - CMP) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - CMP: Potassium	Changes in potassium obtained via venous blood draws (comprehensive metabolic panel - CMP) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - CMP: Carbon Dioxide (CO2)	Changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) obtained via venous blood draws (comprehensive metabolic panel - CMP) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - CMP: Chloride	Changes in chloride obtained via venous blood draws (comprehensive metabolic panel - CMP) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - CMP: Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)	Changes in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) obtained via venous blood draws (comprehensive metabolic panel - CMP) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - CMP: Creatinine	Changes in creatinine obtained via venous blood draws (comprehensive metabolic panel - CMP) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - CMP: Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)	Changes in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) obtained via venous blood draws (comprehensive metabolic panel - CMP) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - CMP: Amino Transferase (ALT)	Changes in alanine amino transferase (ALT) obtained via venous blood draws (comprehensive metabolic panel - CMP) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - CMP: Amino Transferase (AST)	Changes in alanine amino transferase (ALT) obtained via venous blood draws (comprehensive metabolic panel - CMP) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - CMP: Bilirubin	Changes in bilirubin obtained via venous blood draws (comprehensive metabolic panel - CMP) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Complete Blood Count - CBC: White Blood Cell (WBC) Count	Changes in white blood cell count (WBC) obtained via venous blood draws (complete blood count - CBC) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Complete Blood Count - CBC: White Blood Cell Differential	Changes in white blood cell differential obtained via venous blood draws (complete blood count - CBC) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Complete Blood Count - CBC: Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count	Changes in red blood cell count obtained via venous blood draws (complete blood count - CBC) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Complete Blood Count - CBC: Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)	Changes in red cell distribution width (RDW) obtained via venous blood draws (complete blood count - CBC) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Complete Blood Count - CBC: Hemoglobin	Changes in hemoglobin obtained via venous blood draws (complete blood count - CBC) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Complete Blood Count - CBC: Hematocrit	Changes in hematocrit obtained via venous blood draws (complete blood count - CBC) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Complete Blood Count - CBC: Platelet Count	Changes in platelet count obtained via venous blood draws (complete blood count - CBC) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Complete Blood Count - CBC: Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)	Changes in mean platelet volume (MPV) obtained via venous blood draws (complete blood count - CBC) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Complete Blood Count - CBC: Neutrophils	Changes in neutrophils obtained via venous blood draws (complete blood count - CBC) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Complete Blood Count - CBC: Lymphocytes	Changes in lymphocytes obtained via venous blood draws (complete blood count - CBC) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Complete Blood Count - CBC: Basophils	Changes in basophils obtained via venous blood draws (complete blood count - CBC) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Complete Blood Count - CBC: Eosinophils	Changes in eosinophils obtained via venous blood draws (complete blood count - CBC) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Complete Blood Count - CBC: Monocytes	Changes in monocytes obtained via venous blood draws (complete blood count - CBC) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Complete Blood Count - CBC: Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)	Changes in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) obtained via venous blood draws (complete blood count - CBC) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Complete Blood Count - CBC: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)	Changes in mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) obtained via venous blood draws (complete blood count - CBC) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Complete Blood Count - CBC: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)	Changes in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) obtained via venous blood draws (complete blood count - CBC) and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Hormones: Insulin	Changes in serum insulin obtained from venous blood draws and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Hormones: Leptin	Changes in serum leptin obtained from venous blood draws and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Hemodynamic Variable: Resting Heart Rate (HR)	Changes in resting heart rate (HR) obtained via a blood pressure meter and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Hemodynamic Variable: Resting Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)	Changes in resting systolic blood pressure (mmHg) analyzed with related resting hemodynamic outcome measures via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Hemodynamic Variable: Resting Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)	Changes in resting diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) analyzed with related resting hemodynamic outcome measures via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Anthropometric Measures: Waist Circumference	Changes in waist circumference obtained via tape measure and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Anthropometric Measures: Hip Circumference	Changes in hip circumference obtained via tape measure and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Anthropometric Measures: Waist to Hip Ratio	Changes in the ratio of waist to hip (waist/hip circumference) analyzed with related anthropometric outcomes measures via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Anthropometric Measures: Body Mass Index	Change in body mass index (kg of body mass/height in meters squared) analyzed with related anthropometric outcome measures via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Cardiac Variable: Resting Electrocardiogram (ECG)	Changes in resting ECG obtained via electrodes and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 10 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Exercise Capacity: Graded Exercise Test (GXT)	Changes in exercise capacity obtained via a treadmill test and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 10 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Subjective Rating of Quality of Life	Changes in Quality of Life (QOL) obtained via SF36v2 questionnaire and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's). The SF-36 QOL inventory provides scores that assess physical functioning (i.e., ability to perform most vigorous physical activities without limitation to health); role physical (i.e., ability to work and perform daily activities); bodily pain (i.e., limitations due to pain); general health (i.e., assessment of personal health); vitality (i.e., feelings of energy); social functioning (i.e., ability to perform normal social activities); role emotion (i.e., problems with work or other daily activities); and, mental health (state of feelings of peacefulness, happiness, and calm) domains on a 0 (low) to 100 (high scale.	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Subjective Rating of Appetite	A subjective Likert scale that asked participants to rank the frequency and severity of their symptoms of appetite using the following scale: 0 (none), 1 - 3 (low), 4 - 6 (moderate), 7 - 9 (high), 10 (severe). Data will be analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Subjective Rating of Hunger	A subjective Likert scale that asked participants to rank the frequency and severity of their symptoms of hunger using the following scale: 0 (none), 1 - 3 (low), 4 - 6 (moderate), 7 - 9 (high), 10 (severe). Data will be analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Subjective Rating of Satisfaction from Food	A subjective Likert scale that asked participants to rank the frequency and severity of their symptoms of satisfaction from food using the following scale: 0 (none), 1 - 3 (low), 4 - 6 (moderate), 7 - 9 (high), 10 (severe). Data will be analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Subjective Rating of Feelings of Fullness	A subjective Likert scale that asked participants to rank the frequency and severity of their symptoms of feelings of fullness using the following scale: 0 (none), 1 - 3 (low), 4 - 6 (moderate), 7 - 9 (high), 10 (severe). Data will be analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Subjective Rating of Amount of Energy	A subjective Likert scale that asked participants to rank the frequency and severity of their symptoms of amount of energy using the following scale: 0 (none), 1 - 3 (low), 4 - 6 (moderate), 7 - 9 (high), 10 (severe). Data will be analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Subjective Rating of Overall Quality of Diet	A subjective Likert scale that asked participants to rank the frequency and severity of their symptoms of overall quality of diet using the following scale: 0 (none), 1 - 3 (low), 4 - 6 (moderate), 7 - 9 (high), 10 (severe). Data will be analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Dietary Energy Intake - Total Caloric Intake	Change in caloric/energy intake (kcals/day) analyzed with related energy intake outcome measures via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Dietary Energy Intake - Carbohydrate	Change in dietary carbohydrate intake (grams/day and grams/kg/day) analyzed with related energy intake outcome measures via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Dietary Energy Intake - Fat	Change in dietary fat intake (grams/day and grams/kg/day) analyzed with related energy intake outcome measures via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Dietary Energy Intake - Protein	Change in dietary protein intake (grams/day and grams/kg/day) analyzed with related energy intake outcome measures via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Perceptions of Side Effects - Dizziness	Change in perceptions of dizziness using a Likert scale [0 (none), 1 - 4 (light), 5 - 6 (mild), 7 - 9 (severe), or 10 (very severe)] and analyzed with related side effect outcome measures via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Perceptions of Side Effects - Headache	Change in perceptions of headache using a Likert scale [0 (none), 1 - 4 (light), 5 - 6 (mild), 7 - 9 (severe), or 10 (very severe)] and analyzed with related side effect outcome measures via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Perceptions of Side Effects - Tachycardia	Change in perceptions of tachycardia using a Likert scale [0 (none), 1 - 4 (light), 5 - 6 (mild), 7 - 9 (severe), or 10 (very severe)] and analyzed with related side effect outcome measures via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Perceptions of Side Effects - Palpitations	Change in perceptions of palpitations using a Likert scale [0 (none), 1 - 4 (light), 5 - 6 (mild), 7 - 9 (severe), or 10 (very severe)] and analyzed with related side effect outcome measures via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Perceptions of Side Effects - Dyspnea	Change in perceptions of dyspnea using a Likert scale [0 (none), 1 - 4 (light), 5 - 6 (mild), 7 - 9 (severe), or 10 (very severe)] and analyzed with related side effect outcome measures via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Perceptions of Side Effects - Nervousness	Change in perceptions of nervousness using a Likert scale [0 (none), 1 - 4 (light), 5 - 6 (mild), 7 - 9 (severe), or 10 (very severe)] and analyzed with related side effect outcome measures via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Perceptions of Side Effects - Blurred Vision	Change in perceptions of blurred vision using a Likert scale [0 (none), 1 - 4 (light), 5 - 6 (mild), 7 - 9 (severe), or 10 (very severe)] and analyzed with related side effect outcome measures via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks
Secondary	Perceptions of Side Effects - Other Side Effects	Change in perceptions of other side effects using a Likert scale [0 (none), 1 - 4 (light), 5 - 6 (mild), 7 - 9 (severe), or 10 (very severe)] and analyzed with related side effect outcome measures via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's)	Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), after 2 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks and 14 weeks