Outcome
| Type |
Measure |
Description |
Time frame |
Safety issue |
| Other |
Psychopathology |
Participants were interviewed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID; Sheehan et al., 2010). The MINI-KID is a structured clinical diagnostic interview, which assesses DSM disorders in children and adolescents. This assessment was carried out by researchers who had special training in the diagnosis of psychopathological disorders and previous experience administering the MINI-KID interview. |
Baseline |
|
| Other |
Recidivism Risk Assessment |
Recidivism risk was assessed through the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI; Hoge, Andrews, & Leschied, 2002). This assessment was completed by a probation officer. The YLS/CMI is a 42-item checklist, which assesses eight different risk factors/needs: Prior and Current Offenses/Disposition, Family Circumstances/Parenting, Education/Employment, Peer Relations, Substance Abuse, Leisure/Recreation, Personality/Behavior, and Attitudes/Orientation. Each item is scored dichotomously (present/absent). Each response in the affirmative receives a point towards the respective factor score and also to the total score (i.e., the sum of all eight risk/need scores). In this trial, the total risk score of the YLS/CMI was used as a measure of recidivism risk. Based on the total score, youth can be categorized into four levels of recidivism risk: low (0-8 points), moderate (9-22 points), high (23-34 points), or very high (35-42 points). |
Baseline |
|
| Primary |
Change of psychopathic traits |
Participants reported on the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory-Short (YPI-S; Van Baardewijk et al. 2010). The YPI-S is an 18-item self-report questionnaire, which assesses psychopathic traits in youth via ratings within three different factors: Grandiose-Manipulative (GM); Callous-Unemotional (CU), and Impulsive-Irresponsible (II). Each factor is estimated by a set of six items; each item is rated on a four-point scale (1 = "Does not apply at all" to 4 = "Applies very well").This assessment was carried out by researchers, who received training in this self-report measures. |
baseline; 6 months, 12 months |
|
| Primary |
Change psychopathic traits |
Participants reported on the Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD; Salekin & Hare, 2016). The PSCD is a 24-item self-report questionnaire, which assesses the above mentioned psychopathic traits, as well as antisocial behavior. Each factor is estimated by a set of six items; each item is rated on a three-point scale (0 = "False" to 2 = "True"). This assessment was carried out by researchers, who received training in this self-report measures. |
baseline; 6 months, 12 months |
|
| Secondary |
External Shame |
Participants reported on a questionnaire of external shame, the Other as Shamer Scale Brief-Adolescent version (OASB-A; Vagos et al., 2016b). The OASB-A is an 8-item self-report scale that measures external shame, i.e., a subject's perception of being negatively judged by others. Items are rated on a five-point frequency scale (0= "Never"; 4-"Almost Always"), reporting how frequently one experiences the feelings described in each statement. This assessment was carried out by researchers, who received training in the self-report measure. |
baseline; 6 months, 12 months |
|
| Secondary |
Social Safeness and Pleasure |
Participants reported on a questionnaire of social safeness and pleasure, the Social Safeness and Pleasure Scale (SSPS; Cook, 1996). The SSPS is an 11-item self-report scale that measures social safeness, i.e., the extent to which individuals feel a sense of acceptance and connectedness in their social relationships. Items are rated on a 5-point scale (1 = "Almost never" to 5 = "Almost all the time"). This assessment was carried out by researchers, who received training in the self-report measure. |
baseline; 6 months, 12 months |
|
| Secondary |
Self-Compassion |
Participants reported on a questionnaire of self-compassion, the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS; Neff 2003a). The SCS is a 26-item self-report scale, which assesses trait levels of self-compassion. It includes items that measure how often people respond to feelings of inadequacy or suffering with self-kindness, self-judgment, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness, and over-identification. Responses are given on a 5-point scale from (1 = "Almost Never" to 5 = "Almost Always"). This assessment was carried out by researchers, who received training in the self-report measure. |
baseline; 6 months, 12 months |
|
| Secondary |
Compassion |
Participants reported on a questionnaire of compassion, the Compassion Scale (CS; Pommier, 2011). The CS is a 24-item self-report questionnaire that measures compassion for others, and it is composed by six subscales: Kindness; Common Humanity; Mindfulness; Indifference; Separation, and Disengagement. Participants rate each item according to how frequently they feel and act towards others, using a five-point scale (1 = "Almost Never" to 5 = "Almost Always"). This assessment was carried out by researchers, who received training in the self-report measure. |
baseline; 6 months, 12 months |
|
| Secondary |
Fears of Compassion |
Participants reported on a questionnaire of fears of compassion, the Fears of Compassion Scale (FCS; Gilbert, McEwan, Matos, & Rivis, 2011). The FCS is a three-section measure that assesses fears related to giving and receiving compassion and fears of self-compassion. Items are rated on a 5-point scale (0 = "Totally disagree" to 4 = "Totally Agree"). This assessment was carried out by researchers, who received training in the self-report measure. |
baseline; 6 months, 12 months |
|
| Secondary |
Emotion Regulation |
Participants reported on a questionnaire of emotion regulation, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004). The DERS is a 36-item self-report measure that assesses individuals' typical levels of emotion dysregulation across six separate domains: non-acceptance of negative emotions, inability to engage in goal-directed behaviors when experiencing negative emotions, difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors when experiencing negative emotions, limited access to emotion regulation strategies perceived as effective, lack of emotional awareness, and lack of emotional clarity. Items are scored on a 5-point scale (1 = "Almost never" to 5 = "Almost Always"). This assessment was carried out by researchers, who received training in the self-report measure. |
baseline; 6 months, 12 months |
|
| Secondary |
Heart Rate/Heart Rate Variability |
Psychophysiological measures of HR/HRV of the participants were collected throughout an experimental procedure designed in accordance to the conceptual model of Compassion Focused Therapy. This assessment was carried out by researchers, who received specific training. |
baseline; 6 months, 12 months |
|
| Secondary |
Disruptive Behavior |
To assess behavior regulation during the research period, a grid was developed to collect the following data from participants' record files: number of disciplinary infractions and number of days in punishment. |
from baseline to 6 months' follow-up |
|
