Intrapartum Non-invasive Electrophysiological Monitoring

Caesarean Section Clinical Trial

— NIEM-II  

Official title:

Implementation of Intrapartum Non-invasive Electrophysiological Monitoring

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT06135961
• Other study ID #: NL82822.015.22
• Status: Recruiting
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: November 20, 2023
• Est. completion date: February 15, 2026

Study information

• Verified date: December 2023
• Source: Maxima Medical Center
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Conventional cardiotocography (CTG) has been used extensively for more than 50 years to monitor the fetal condition during labour, but since the rate of operative deliveries keeps rising, its ability to improve neonatal outcomes is unsatisfactory. A transabdominal non-invasive and wireless alternative which overcomes the shortcomings of conventional methods is electrophysiological CTG (eCTG) monitoring. In eCTG the fetal heart rate (FHR) is measured by fetal electrocardiography (NI-fECG) and uterine activity (UA) by electrohysterography (EHG). Both NI-fECG and EHG have been proven more accurate and reliable than conventional non-invasive methods and are less affected by maternal body mass index (BMI).

This study aims to evaluate the mode of delivery, maternal and perinatal outcomes, costs and patient and healthcare professionals perspectives on eCTG monitoring versus the conventional CTG during labour at term with a singleton fetus in cephalic position.

The eCTG provides a more accurate assessment of the fetus and the UA, compared to the conventional CTG. This allows for optimization of the contraction pattern during high-risk deliveries. We hypothesize that this will reduce the number of operative interventions and improves perinatal outcome. There are three reasons why an improvement in the contraction pattern by the eCTG can influence our outcomes:

1. EHG can detect excessive UA more accurately. Increased UA is a major risk for fetal distress. In this case, stimulation with oxytocin should be reduced or stopped. More adequate interpretation of FHR, reduced tachysystole and reduced hypertonia is expected to result in fewer instrumented vaginal deliveries and a reduction of caesarean sections due to fetal distress.

2. EHG can demonstrate unorganized UA that needs to be corrected with a higher dose of oxytocin to enhance contraction frequency and efficiency. This can result in a less exhausted uterine muscle, shorter time to delivery, less vacuum deliveries and caesarean sections due to failure of progress. A shorter time to delivery will also result in a reduction of infections and blood loss.

3. Accurate registration of the relation between the contraction and decelerations of FHR, is expected to result in more reliable assessment of the fetal condition. This can result in fewer unnecessary operative deliveries and less unpredictable poor perinatal outcomes.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Recruiting
• Enrollment: 3471
• Est. completion date: February 15, 2026
• Est. primary completion date: November 20, 2025
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: Female
• Age group: 18 Years and older

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Minimal age of 18 years old

• Pregnant women with a gestational age between 37+0 and 42+0 weeks and days

• Indication for fetal monitoring during labour

• Singleton fetus in cephalic position

• Oral and written informed consent is obtained

Exclusion Criteria:

• Insufficient knowledge of Dutch or English language

• Women with a multiple pregnancy

• Fetal and/or maternal cardiac arrhythmias

• Contraindications to abdominal patch placement (dermatologic diseases of the abdomen precluding preparation of the abdomen with abrasive paper)

• Women connected to an external or implanted electrical stimulator, such as Transcutaneous Electro Neuro Stimulation (TENS) and pacemaker (because of disturbance of the electrophysiological signal)

• Women who take a bath for multiple times during delivery and/or who take a bath for > 1 hour during the first stage of labour and/or who take a bath in the second stage of labour. eCTG monitoring is impossible in bath because the Bluetooth signal is disturbed. In bath, monitoring will be performed by conventional CTG monitoring. However, it is possible to take a shower with eCTG monitoring

• Treatment plan (with intervention plan) already made before inclusion is completed.

• Women who were included in the study, but when circumstances before labour call for delivery of the baby by unplanned caesarean section.

• There is insufficient time for proper counselling

• Women admitted with a clinical diagnosis of sepsis with hypotension (i.e. septic shock).

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Caesarean Section
• Cardiotocography
• Electrocardiography
• Fetal Monitoring
• Non-invasive

Intervention

Device:
• eCTG monitoring with the NFMS
Device: Nemo Fetal Monitoring System (Nemo Healthcare B.V., Veldhoven, the Netherlands)

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Netherlands	Maxima MC	Veldhoven	Noord-Brabant

Sponsors (2)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Maxima Medical Center	ZonMw: The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Netherlands, 

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	The number of operative interventions during labor	cesarean section or instrumental vaginal delivery	During delivery
Secondary	Duration of the first stage of labor in minutes		0-10 cm dilation during labor
Secondary	Duration of the second stage of labor in minutes		Start pushing until childbirth
Secondary	The timing and reason of operative interventions during labor	Timing is defined as: The decision delivery interval for the intervention: emergency ('code red' or within <30 minutes of the decision) or = 1 hour; As the phase of delivery: first stage or second stage of labor	During delivery
Secondary	The number of participants with analgesia for pain reduction: epidural or/and remifentanil		During delivery
Secondary	Perineal laceration (grade 1, 2, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4)		Directly after childbirth
Secondary	The number of participants with a mediolateral episiotomy and reason for the episiotomy		Directly after childbirth
Secondary	Number (percentage) and result of fetal blood sampling during the primary and secondary stages of labour		During delivery
Secondary	Perinatal mortality	Perinatal mortality is defined as the number of fetal deaths past 22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation plus the number of deaths among live-born children up to seven completed days of life	During pregnancy up to seven completed days of life
Secondary	Neonatal mortality	Neonatal mortality is defined as the number of neonatal deaths after the seventh day but before the 28th day of life	After the seventh day but before the 28th day of life
Secondary	The number of neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy		childbirth - 28th day postpartum
Secondary	The number of neonates with Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)		childbirth - 28th day postpartum
Secondary	The number of neonates with Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS)		childbirth - 28th day postpartum
Secondary	The number of neonates with convulsions		childbirth - 28th day postpartum
Secondary	The number of neonates with Clinical early onset sepsis	Clinical early onset is defined as clinical sepsis within the first 72 hours after birth with > 3 days of antibiotics	childbirth - 28th day postpartum
Secondary	The number of neonates with Confirmed early onset sepsis	Confirmed early onset sepsis is defined as positive cultures of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or urine from the first 72 hours after birth	childbirth - 72 hours after childbirth
Secondary	The number of neonates with admission to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit		childbirth - 28th day postpartum
Secondary	Length of Admission to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit	In days	childbirth - 28th day postpartum
Secondary	Reason for the admission to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit		childbirth - 28th day postpartum
Secondary	The number of neonates with the need for mechanical ventilation	The number of neonates with the need for mechanical ventilation within the first 72 hours after birth	childbirth - 72 hours after childbirth
Secondary	The number of neonates with a 5 minute Apgar score <7		5 minutes after childbirth
Secondary	The number of neonates with a neonatal acidosis at birth	It is defined as cord artery pH < 7.05 and base deficit > 12 mmol/L directly after birth. The definition is set as pH < 7.10 and base deficit > 12 mmol/L in cases with only an umbilical vein sample (one available blood gas sample or the pH difference between two samples below 0.03)	Directly after childbirth
Secondary	Maternal mortality	Maternal mortality or 'pregnancy-related death' is defined as death from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes) during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy	During pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy
Secondary	The number of mothers admitted to the Intensive Care Unit		childbirth until six weeks postpartum
Secondary	The number of mothers with a thromboembolic event		childbirth until six weeks postpartum
Secondary	The number of mothers with an uterine rupture		childbirth until six weeks postpartum
Secondary	The number of mothers with an obstetric haemorrhage	Obstetric haemorrhage > 1000 millilitres within 24 hours after giving birth	childbirth until 24 hours after childbirth
Secondary	The number of mothers with a postpartum anemia due to postpartum haemorrhage with requires red cell transfusion		childbirth until six weeks postpartum
Secondary	The number of mothers with a suspected or confirmed postpartum infection requiring antibiotics	i.e. chorioamnionitis, endometritis, wound infection and/or urinary tract infection.	childbirth until six weeks postpartum
Secondary	Patient satisfaction by questionnaires	Validated Birth-Satisfaction-Scale-Revised questionnaire and a non-validated questionnaire.	2-6 hours after childbirth
Secondary	Professional satisfaction by questionnaire	Non-validated questionnaire	1 year after the start of the study
Secondary	Costs as a business case model until six weeks postpartum		Delivery until six weeks postpartum
Secondary	For eCTG monitoring: amount of signal loss in percentage of total duration during labour	The amount of signal loss will be calculated based on the CTG. Signal loss is defined as minutes without registration of the fetal heart rate	During delivery
Secondary	For eCTG monitoring: frequency of switch from Nemo Fetal Monitoring System to conventional CTG + reason, timing and success percentage of the switch		During delivery
Secondary	For eCTG monitoring: EHG pattern within the first 1.5 hours postpartum and the possible association with the amount of bloodloss, medication use and time to placental expulsion		First 1.5 hours postpartum
Secondary	For eCTG monitoring: EHG pattern before and after labour analgesia and the possible association of EHG pattern with labour analgesia		During delivery