The Efficacy of 20 mg Parecoxib as an Adjunct to 0.75% Ropivacaine in Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block for Upper Limb Surgery

Anesthesia Clinical Trial

— RCT  

Official title:

A Randomized Two-parallel Group Controlled Trial Comparing the Effects of 20mg Parecoxib as an Adjunct to 0.75% Ropivacaine in Ultrasound-guided Supraclavicular Block for Upper Limb Surgery

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT03480165
• Other study ID #: USM/JEPeM/16010033
• Status: Completed
• Phase: Phase 3
• First received: March 6, 2018
• Last updated: March 20, 2018
• Start date: June 20, 2016
• Est. completion date: September 19, 2017

Study information

• Verified date: March 2018
• Source: University of Science Malaysia
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

This clinical trial aims to investigate the efficacy of 20 mg Parecoxib when it is given as an addition to 20 ml 0.75% ropivacaine in patients receiving ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block prior to the upper limb surgeries. It is hypothesised that the addition of parecoxib to ropivacaine will provide superior sensory and motor blockades to those who only received 0.75% ropivacaine.

Eighty six (n=86) patients were randomised in one-to-one ratio to either receiving 20 mg parecoxib and 20 ml 0.75% ropivacaine (n=43) or 20 ml 0.75% ropivacaine and 1 ml 0.9% saline (n=43). The primary efficacy outcomes of interest are a) The time to onsets of sensory and motor blockades (measured in minutes); b) The time to recovery from sensory and motor blockades (measured in hours). The secondary efficacy outcomes of interest are a) The presence of complete sensory blockade at 30 minutes post intervention (recorded as a binary yes-no categorical variable); b) The presence of complete motor blockade at 30 minutes post intervention (recorded as a binary yes-no categorical variable).

Description:

Brachial plexus block (BPB) has enjoyed ubiquitous popularity for upper limb surgeries.There are a few common techniques for BPB and one of the most frequently-utilised one is supraclavicular BPB since it provides a quick-onset, efficient, safe and dense anaesthesia for surgical procedures that involve the proximal mid-humerus down to the distal hand. At present, most BPB techniques have been widely performed under ultrasound guidance to enhance the BPB's success rate and lessen its complications.

There are several adjunct drugs that can be mixed with local anaesthetics agents (e.g. ropivacaine) to speed up the onset and prolong the duration of BPB and minimise the risk of local-anaesthestic(LA)-associated overdose and toxicity. Parecoxib, a prodrug of valdecoxib, is an ideal choice for such combination due to its excellent toxicity profile.It acts by inhibiting the function of the constitutive COX-2, an isoform of cyclooxygenase (COX), resulting in the diminution of prostaglandin H2 and E2 synthesis. Consequently, this diminishes nociception by reducing sensory neuron's excitability and bradykinin-associated hyperalgesia.

So far, there is only one study which investigates the efficacy of parecoxib as an adjunct to ropivacaine in patients requiring BPB performed via axillary approach for their upper limb surgeries. However, adjunct parecoxib's efficacy in BPB performed via supraclavicular approach is still not fully scrutinised. Therefore, this clinical trial endeavours to evaluate the efficacy of adjunct parecoxib in supraclavicular BPB.

This is a randomised two parallel groups active-controlled single centre double-blind (participant and outcome assessors) clinical trial comparing the effects of parecoxib as an adjunct to ropivacaine. This trial protocol received the approval from University of Science Malaysia's Human Ethics Research Committee (HERC) on the 20th June 2016 and all participants had provided written informed consent for study participation.

The study participants were then block-randomized using a block size of 4 with a balanced 1:1 allotment ratio without any covariate stratification. The block randomization was performed using permuted block design, with the random numbers generated by a random number generator package in Stata 9.0. This was performed by an independent third party statistician. To ensure selection bias was prevented, the allocation sequence was kept inside a password-protected STATA 9.0 file which was only accessible to the independent third-party statistician. The sequence of treatment allotment was only revealed after a study participant was properly recruited and subsequently randomised to treatment allotment. To prevent ascertainment and performance bias, the study participants and the independent assessors (2nd medical officers) were shielded from the knowledge of the type of intervention received. However, the intervention was administered by the primary investigator who was not blinded to the kind of intervention received by a study participant.

To mask the participants and outcome assessors to the types of intervention received by the participants, each visually indistinguishable syringe containing one of the 2 types of intervention were pre-filled to 20 ml and labelled with code numbers by an independent third-party pharmacist before they were sent to the operating theatre (OT) for intervention administration by the principal investigator (Vivekananda Gunasekaran).

DETAILS OF INTERVENTIONS ADMINISTERED

The premedication was first prescribed in the morning of the surgery. Upon arrival at the OT, all study participants underwent standard anaesthesia monitoring for relevant clinical parameters (baseline blood pressure (BP), saturation pressure of oxygen (spO2), electrocardiography (ECG) and heart rate (HR)) which were obtained using the electric B30 monitor (Stimuplex D® plus 50mm, B. Braun, Melsungen, Germany) and documented before the BPB commenced. Subsequently, IV access was introduced using at least 20G IV cannula which was inserted on the selected hand of study participants.

Intravenous (IV) loading of Ringer's Lactate solution (B. Braun, Melsungen, Germany) at a dose of 10 ml/kg was administered before performing the block. Brachial plexus block (BPB) was performed in the block corner at the recovery bay. Drugs regime and other standard equipments for BPB were prepared and acquired and these include:

• 5 mls of Lignocaine 2% for skin infiltration

• 20 mls of Ropivacaine (Naropin®, Astrazeneca) 0.75% + 20mg Parecoxib (Dynastat®, Pfizer)(1 mls) ---Group A

• 20mls Ropivacaine 0.75% + 1 ml Normal Saline----Group B.

• Ultra Sonographic machine (Mindray® Version M5, Mindray, Shenzen, China) with high frequency (10-15MHz) linear probe

• 50 to 80mm 22 G insulated peripheral nerve block needle. (Vygon, France)

• 2% chlorhexidine in 70% isopropyl alcohol solution for skin cleaning

The BPB was implemented by a single operator (principal investigator, Vivekananda Gunasekaran) and assessed by an independent 2nd medical officer in-charge who was blinded to the treatment administered. No peripheral nerve stimulator was employed during the procedure. The detailed descriptions of the techniques utilized in the BPB are as follows:

• The block site will be cleaned and draped. The US probe also was draped for the procedure as well.

• SUPRCLAVICULAR BPB TECHNIQUE

• Subjects were positioned semi-recumbent with the head turned to the contralateral side with the ipsilateral shoulder slightly elevated with the pillow.

• An exploratory scan was performed in all patients before the block, by positioning the probe on a coronal oblique plane above the clavicle.

• Hypoechoic and pulsating supraclavicular artery was then identified, which was lying above the hyper echoic first rib. While maintaining the view of the artery, the probe was then angled until both the first rib and the pleura were also seen simultaneously.

• After skin preparation and draping, the probe was next placed in the supraclavicular fossa and subcutaneous infiltration will be given on the targeted needle side

• The needle was then inserted from lateral to medial direction in the long axis of the transducer (in-plane technique).

• Nineteen (19) ml of 0.75% ropivacaine and 1 ml of 20 mg of parecoxib (Group I:

parecoxib + ropivacaine) or 19 mls of 0.75% alone plus 1 ml of normal saline (Group II: ropivacaine alone) was then injected at the "corner pocket". Adrenaline was not added into any solution.

• The remaining 5 ml was later injected to a point approximately level with the superior/ cephalad aspect of the subclavian artery, but no further than 1 cm lateral to the artery

Block performance-related pain was then evaluated immediately after removing the needle by asking the patient to verbally quantify the level of pain using a score between 0 to 10 (0 meaning no pain, 10 meaning excruciating pain). The study participants were withdrawn from the trial and rescue medications were given if one of the following withdrawal criteria occurred:

• Patient developed local anaesthetic toxicity (seizure)

• Patient developed hemodynamically instability bradycardia/hypotension)

• Patient developed anaphylaxis

The procedures for the assessment of sensory and motor block are as follows:

• ASSESSMENT OF SENSORY BLOCK

o Sensory blockade was assessed every 5 minutes within the first 30 minutes following the completion of drug administration. The magnitude of sensory blockade is graded as follows:

• Grade 0 = normal sensory response

• Grade 1 = reduced sensory perception (partial sensory blockade)

• Grade 2 = no sensation (complete sensory blockade).

• Sensory loss was confirmed by the loss to cold sensation using 10 mls cold saline bottle and pinprick sensation using 23G needle in all dermatomes of the brachial plexus (Grade 2).

• Time zero was defined as the time at which LA was completely injected.

• Sensory block success was defined as complete pin-prick sensory blockade in all dermatomes of the brachial plexus (C5-T1).

• The block was considered incomplete if any supplemental local anesthetic is needed for complete anesthesia.

• The block was considered failed if the desired volume did not provide complete anesthesia or conversion to general anaesthesia was required prior to surgery.

• General anaesthesia was routinely performed with intravenous induction (sedation) agent, short acting opioids and muscle relaxant

• ASSESSMENT OF MOTOR BLOCK

o Motor block was assessed by subject's capability of flexing his / her elbow and hand against gravity. This was then graded according to the following scale:

• Grade 1: ability to flex or extend the forearm

• Grade 2: ability to flex or extend only the wrist and fingers

• Grade 3: ability to flex or extend only the fingers

• Grade 4: inability to move the forearm, wrist, and fingers

• INTRA-SURGICAL ASSESSMENTS

• Requirement of block supplementation, surgical wound infiltration and patient requested sedation or general anaesthesia

• Surgical anaesthesia success was defined as surgery without the requirements of block supplementation, general anesthesia (administered for incomplete block) or surgical site infiltration

• Haemodynamic monitoring was performed at baseline, after LA injection, after 15 min, 30 min, 1 hour of block procedure & after completing surgery

• POSTOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT

• Sensory and motor blockade durations were assessed on half-hourly basis (up to 12 hours postoperatively), during the post surgical period.

• Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) morphine or IV tramadol was given as rescue analgesia.

• Pain scores were assessed using the visual rating scale (VRS) (0-10) where pain was evaluated when the patients were resting at 1, 2, 4, 12, 24 hours postoperatively.

• The duration of analgesia (time interval from the completion of local anesthetic administration until the first need of rescue analgesia in the form of PCA morphine or IV tramadol) and the amount of morphine or tramadol consumed during the postoperative 24 hours were also documented.

• Any evidence of complications (e.g., bruises/swelling at the block site, chest pain/ breathing difficulty, dysaesthesia/ muscle weakness in the operated extremity not related to the site of operation) were also recorded.

• Surgeons were alerted to report any neurological problems not related to surgery during the clinical rounds prior to the patients were discharged from the hospital.

• Anaesthetic preferences (one of the following: 1) the BPB; 2) block under deep sedation; 3) block under GA).

• Preferred block for future hand operations was then recorded.

SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION

The sample size was calculated using power analysis method. The level of significance was fixed at 0.05, power (1 - type 2 error) at 0.80 and a dropout rate of 20%. Based on the standard deviation of 140 minutes and a hypothesised mean difference in total duration of sensory block of 104 minutes, the total sample size is 39 subjects per intervention arm.

STATISTICAL ANALYSES

The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science for Windows version 23 (SPSS 23) and Stata version 11. Missing data were treated as Missing at Random (MAR) under Rubin's missing data mechanism. Multiple imputation was then used to address the missing data problem. The data were descriptively summarised using mean and standard deviations (or interquartile range) for continuous outcomes or frequency and percentage for categorical variables. Multiple imputation was then used to address the missing data. The mean differences in continuous outcome variables (onset and duration of sensory and motor blockades) between the intervention arms were analysed using independent t-test or Mann-Whitney test. For categorical outcome variables (complete motor and sensory blockades at 30 minutes per intervention), Chi-square or Fisher exact tests were utilised. The assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variances were checked using histogram with overlying normal plots, box plots, Mann-Whitney (normality) and Levene's tests (homoscedasticity of residuals).

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 86
• Est. completion date: September 19, 2017
• Est. primary completion date: September 19, 2017
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years to 70 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

1. American Society of Anaesthesiology Physical Status Gred 1 and 2

2. Expected duration of surgery is between 1 and 4 hours

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Subjects who refused brachial plexus block

2. Know allergies to parecoxib, other NSAID and anaesthetic agents

3. Pregnancy

4. Prior history of brachial plexus injury

5. Chronic pain history which long term use of analgesic medications

6. Coagulopathy

7. Systemic or local infection at the injection site

8. Known neuropathy affecting the limb which undergo the surgical procedures

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Anesthesia
• Anesthesia; Functional

Intervention

Drug:
• Parecoxib 20 MG/ML
1 ml of injectable parecoxib (Dynastat®, Pfizer) at a concentration of 20 mg/mL is given concurrently with 19 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine (Naropin®, Astra Zeneca)
• Ropivacaine
19 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine (Naropin®, Astra Zeneca)) is given concurrently with 1 ml of normal saline

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Malaysia	Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM)	Kubang Kerian	Kelantan

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
University of Science Malaysia

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Malaysia, 

References & Publications (9)

Amabile CM, Spencer AP. Parecoxib for parenteral analgesia in postsurgical patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2004 May;38(5):882-6. Epub 2004 Mar 23. Review. — View Citation

Ammar AS, Mahmoud KM. Ultrasound-guided single injection infraclavicular brachial plexus block using bupivacaine alone or combined with dexmedetomidine for pain control in upper limb surgery: A prospective randomized controlled trial. Saudi J Anaesth. 2012 Apr;6(2):109-14. doi: 10.4103/1658-354X.97021. — View Citation

Borgeat A, Ekatodramis G, Dumont C. An evaluation of the infraclavicular block via a modified approach of the Raj technique. Anesth Analg. 2001 Aug;93(2):436-41, 4th contents page. — View Citation

Crews JC, Weller RS, Moss J, James RL. Levobupivacaine for axillary brachial plexus block: a pharmacokinetic and clinical comparison in patients with normal renal function or renal disease. Anesth Analg. 2002 Jul;95(1):219-23, table of contents. — View Citation

Duma A, Urbanek B, Sitzwohl C, Kreiger A, Zimpfer M, Kapral S. Clonidine as an adjuvant to local anaesthetic axillary brachial plexus block: a randomized, controlled study. Br J Anaesth. 2005 Jan;94(1):112-6. Epub 2004 Oct 29. — View Citation

Jain KK. Evaluation of intravenous parecoxib for the relief of acute post-surgical pain. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2000 Nov;9(11):2717-23. Review. — View Citation

Little RAJ, Rubin DB (2002). Statistical analysis with missing data. 2nd edition.John Wiley and Sons; Hoboken, New Jersey. ISBN: 978-0-471-18386-0

Liu X, Zhao X, Lou J, Wang Y, Shen X. Parecoxib added to ropivacaine prolongs duration of axillary brachial plexus blockade and relieves postoperative pain. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013 Feb;471(2):562-8. doi: 10.1007/s11999-012-2691-y. Epub 2012 Nov 21. Erratum in: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013 Feb;471(2):696. — View Citation

Sterne JA, White IR, Carlin JB, Spratt M, Royston P, Kenward MG, Wood AM, Carpenter JR. Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls. BMJ. 2009 Jun 29;338:b2393. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b2393. — View Citation

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Sensory block onset	Time (measured in minutes) required for a 30% decrease in sensation compared to the contralateral upper limb limb as a reference	From complete adminstration of the allotted interventions via supraclavicular brachial plexus block until the occurrence of 30% decrease in sensation compared to the contralateral upper limb (assessed every 5 minutes, up to 30 minutes)
Primary	Motor block onset	Time (measured in minutes) from the injection of interventions until a decrease in motor power to at least grade 3	From complete administration of the allotted interventions via supraclavicular brachial plexus block until motor power was reduced to at least grade 3 (assessed every 5 minutes, up to 30 minutes)
Primary	Sensory block duration	The time (measured in hours) from the injection of interventions until complete recovery in cold and pain sensation confirmed by alcohol swab and pin prick tests in all respective dermatomes of the brachial plexus (C5-T1)	From complete institution of interventions via supraclavicular brachial plexus block until full recovery of sensation (cold and pain) (grade 0) in all dermatomes supplied by the brachial plexus (C5-T1) [assessed half hourly, up to 12 hours post surgery]
Primary	Motor block duration	Time (measured in hours) from the injection of allotted interventions until complete recovery of motor power (grade 1) in all dermatomes supplied by brachial plexus (C5-T1)	From complete administration of interventions via supraclavicular brachial plexus block until complete recovery of motor power (grade 1) in all dermatomes supplied by brachial plexus (C5-T1) [assessed half hourly, up to 12 hours post surgery]
Secondary	Complete sensory blockade at 30 minutes post interventions	The presence of complete sensory block at 30 minutes following institution of allotted intervention	Measured at 30 minutes following post interventions and recorded as a binary categorical variable (yes or no)
Secondary	Complete motor blockade at 30 minutes post intervention	The presence of full motor block at 30 minutes following institution of allotted interventions	Measured at 30 minutes post intervention and recorded as a binary categorical variable (yes or no)

External Links

•   PMC Free article link for Liu X article
•   PMC Free article link for Sterne JA et al article on multiple imputation
•   Wiley catalogue for Rubin's book