Use of a Tonometer to Identify Epileptogenic Lesions During Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Stroke Clinical Trial

Official title:

Use of a Tonometer to Identify Focal Cortical Dysplasia and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex During Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Withdrawn

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT04344626
• Other study ID #: 17-001668-AM-00005
• Status: Withdrawn
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: July 16, 2018
• Est. completion date: March 2023

Study information

• Verified date: October 2023
• Source: University of California, Los Angeles
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Refractory epilepsy, meaning epilepsy that no longer responds to medication, is a common neurosurgical indication in children. In such cases, surgery is the treatment of choice. Complete resection of affected brain tissue is associated with highest probability of seizure freedom. However, epileptogenic brain tissue is visually identical to normal brain tissue, complicating complete resection. Modern investigative methods are of limited use.

An important subjective assessment during surgery is that affected brain tissue feels stiffer, however there is presently no way to determine this without committing to resecting the affected area. It is hypothesized that intra-operative use of a tonometer (Diaton) will identify abnormal brain tissue stiffness in affected brain relative to normal brain. This will help identify stiffer brain regions without having to resect them.

The objective is to determine if intra-operative use of a tonometer to measure brain tissue stiffness will offer additional precision in identifying epileptogenic lesions.

In participants with refractory epilepsy, various locations on the cerebral cortex will be identified using standard pre-operative investigations like magnetic resonance imagin (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). These are areas of presumed normal and abnormal brain where the tonometer will be used during surgery to measure brain tissue stiffness. Brain tissue stiffness measurements will then be compared with results of routine pre-operative and intra-operative tests. Such comparisons will help determine if and to what extent intra-operative brain tissue stiffness measurements correlate with other tests and help identify epileptogenic brain tissue.

24 participants have already undergone intra-operative brain tonometry. Results in these participants are encouraging: abnormally high brain tissue stiffness measurements have consistently been identified and significantly associated with abnormal brain tissue.

If the tonometer adequately identifies epileptogenic brain tissue through brain tissue stiffness measurements, it is possible that resection of identified tissue could lead to better post-operative outcomes, lowering seizure recurrences and neurological deficits.

Description:

Rationale: Refractory epilepsy, meaning epilepsy that no longer responds to medication, is a common neurosurgical indication in children. Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is the most common cause. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disease causing epilepsy in over 90% of affected patients. This epilepsy can also become refractory to medication. In such cases of FCD or TSC, surgery is the treatment of choice. Complete resection of brain tissue affected by FCD or TSC is associated with highest probability of seizure freedom. However, epileptogenic brain tissue is visually identical to normal brain tissue, complicating complete resection. Modern investigative methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electro-encephalography (EEG) and positron emission tomography (PET), are of limited use. Failure to achieve complete resection may lead to seizure recurrence, which is costly and requires additional surgeries, increasing risks of morbidity and mortality compared to achieving remission.

Changes in tissue stiffness due to an underlying pathology are common in medicine, especially in neurological disorders. An important subjective assessment during epilepsy surgery, particularly in FCD cases, is that affected brain tissue feels stiffer. However, there is currently no way to determine stiffness without committing to resecting the affected area.

Hypothesis: Epileptogenic brain tissue stiffness, as measured intra-operatively using a digital tonometer (Diaton), will likely be increased relative to normal brain tissue. This could allow identification of regions of higher stiffness without having to commit to resection.

The tonometer is a widely-used and FDA-approved tool to measure intraocular pressure. It is a simple and reliable tool to measure brain tissue stiffness without obstructing the operative field. It requires only minimal contact in brain tissue.

This study is multicentric and includes University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Mattel Children's Hospital in Los Angeles and Sainte-Justine University Hospital in Montreal. Results from 24 participants in a preliminary study from UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital were encouraging, prompting expansion of the study to include both sites.

Objectives:

Primary objective: To determine if intra-operative use of a tonometer to measure brain tissue stiffness will offer additional precision in identifying affected epileptogenic brain tissue, notably in FCD. This could also allow identification of resection margins.

Secondary objective: Eventually, to investigate is epilepsy surgery guided by brain tissue stiffness measurements can lead to better post-operative outcomes, especially regarding seizure recurrences and neurological deficits.

Methods: Participants with refractory epilepsy and considered candidates for surgery following a multidisciplinary meeting and consultation with a neurosurgeon, will undergo standard pre-operative investigations such as MRI, EEG and PET, to identify regions of presumed normal and abnormal brain. Precise locations in both presumed normal and abnormal brain will be identified for intra-operative brain stiffness measurements using the tonometer. Measurements will be taken on all lobes exposed during surgery.

During surgery, a craniotomy will be performed and the dura mater will be folded to maximize brain exposition. Once the brain is exposed, a sterilized tonometer will be used to obtain brain tissue stiffness measurements at all predetermined locations of the cortex. Precise stereotactic coordinates for each measurement will be recorded in a neuronavigation software to facilitate comparisons with results of other tests. Brain tissue stiffness measurements will then be compared to results of aforementioned pre-operative tests, as well as results of routine intra-operative tests, namely electro-corticography (ECoG) and histopathological analysis of resected brain tissue (if brain tissue is ultimately resected).

With this method, it will be possible to determine if and to what extent intra-operative use of the tonometer can identify epileptogenic brain tissue.

There are no known risks to the patient associated with intra-operative use of the tonometer. Data collection adds approximately 10 minutes to surgery, which typically lasts around 7 hours (420 minutes). Therefore, time in surgery and general anesthesia is only lengthened by 2%.

Importantly, no surgical decision concerning resection of brain tissue is currently based on brain tissue stiffness measurements obtained with the tonometer.

Recruiting: Participants suffering from refractory epilepsy and deemed candidates for surgical treatment during a multidisciplinary meeting will consult with a neurosurgeon. During this consultation, if surgery is adequate and participant is eligible, the present study will be explained and discussed with the participant and his/her parent(s) or legal tutor(s). They will receive the informed consent form. Their questions will be answered. Time will be given to think about their participation to this study. If they consent, consent will be obtained through signing the informed consent form. If they refuse to participate, medical and surgical treatment will resume as planned.

File review: Medical files of patients prospectively recruited will be reviewed with the participant's consent. Data relevant to the study includes: sex, ethnicity, age at onset of epilepsy, age at surgery, number of antiepileptic medications, etiology, video-EEG results, MRI results, PET results, digital pictures of the brain during surgery, individual brain stiffness measurements taken with the tonometer along with co-recorded neuronavigation images and coordinates.

Tests: Before surgery, each participant will undergo routine pre-operative work-up including video-EEG, MRI and PET. During surgery, ECoG will be performed. If brain tissue is resected, in will be analyzed by pathologist to establish a histopathological diagnosis. These are routine investigations in epilepsy surgery. They are not modified by the results of tonometry. The only additional test is intra-operative brain tissue stiffness measurements using the tonometer. As discussed previously, this is not associated with any risks to the participant.

It is predicted that 150 participants will be enrolled across both sites for this study. Anonymized data for each patient will be shared between both sites.

Importantly, there are no possible controls for such a study. Post-mortem brain tissue undergoes irreversible biomechanical changes and no healthy patient undergoes comparable neurosurgical procedures. To overcome this issue, an experimental model involving intra- and inter-participant comparisons is used.

Data analysis: Once data will be collected, statistical analysis will be performed. Continuous data will be reported using means and standard-deviations. Dichotomic data will be reported using frequencies and percentages. Mean and standard-deviations of brain tissue stiffness measurements will be compared for each covariable category using a t-test or ANOVA. Findings will be reported with a beta coefficient, 95 percent confidence intervals and p-values. P-values under 0.05 will be considered statistically significant. Further statistical analyses will be determined during the study.

Timeframe: This study is predicted to last 36 months. Recruiting and treatment of participants, along with data collection will be performed initially. Following this, data will be analyzed and results discussed. Article(s) related to this study will be written afterwards.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Withdrawn
• Enrollment: 0
• Est. completion date: March 2023
• Est. primary completion date: March 2023
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: N/A and older

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Participants with epilepsy who candidates for surgical treatment as established by a multidisciplinary committee specialized in epilepsy.

• Participants undergoing resective surgery for epilepsy of dysplastic (examples: focal cortical dysplasia, tuberous sclerosis, hemimegalencephaly, polymicrogyria) or non-dysplastic etiology (examples: developmental tumors, gliosis, stroke, Rasmussen encephalitis, Sturge-Weber syndrome).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Lesion of interest located in a difficult to access region, such as paralimbic structures, insula, depth-of-sulci or inter-hemispheric.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Brain Neoplasms
• Brain Stem Infarctions
• Encephalitis
• Epilepsy
• Focal Cortical Dysplasia
• Gliosis
• Hemimegalencephaly
• Polymicrogyria
• Rasmussen Encephalitis
• Sclerosis
• Stroke
• Sturge-Weber Syndrome
• Tuberous Sclerosis
• Tumor, Brain

Intervention

Device:
• Intra-operative brain tonometry
Once the brain is exposed during surgery, a sterilized digital tonometer will be used to obtain brain tissue stiffness measurements at various locations of the cortex established based on results of pre-operative work-up. Precise stereotactic coordinates for each measurement will be recorded in a neuronavigation software to facilitate comparisons with results of other tests.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Canada	Sainte-Justine University Hospital	Montreal	Quebec
United States	UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital	Los Angeles	California

Sponsors (2)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
University of California, Los Angeles	Université de Montréal

Countries where clinical trial is conducted

United States,  Canada, 

References & Publications (16)

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Begley CE, Famulari M, Annegers JF, Lairson DR, Reynolds TF, Coan S, Dubinsky S, Newmark ME, Leibson C, So EL, Rocca WA. The cost of epilepsy in the United States: an estimate from population-based clinical and survey data. Epilepsia. 2000 Mar;41(3):342-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00166.x. — View Citation

Cossu M, Lo Russo G, Francione S, Mai R, Nobili L, Sartori I, Tassi L, Citterio A, Colombo N, Bramerio M, Galli C, Castana L, Cardinale F. Epilepsy surgery in children: results and predictors of outcome on seizures. Epilepsia. 2008 Jan;49(1):65-72. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01207.x. Epub 2007 Jul 21. — View Citation

Gaitanis JN, Donahue J. Focal cortical dysplasia. Pediatr Neurol. 2013 Aug;49(2):79-87. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.12.024. — View Citation

Harvey AS, Cross JH, Shinnar S, Mathern GW; ILAE Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery Survey Taskforce. Defining the spectrum of international practice in pediatric epilepsy surgery patients. Epilepsia. 2008 Jan;49(1):146-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01421.x. Epub 2007 Nov 27. Erratum In: Epilepsia. 2013 Jun;54(6):1140. Mathern, Bary W [corrected to Mathern, Gary W]. — View Citation

Itoh A, Ueno E, Tohno E, Kamma H, Takahashi H, Shiina T, Yamakawa M, Matsumura T. Breast disease: clinical application of US elastography for diagnosis. Radiology. 2006 May;239(2):341-50. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2391041676. Epub 2006 Feb 16. — View Citation

Kloss S, Pieper T, Pannek H, Holthausen H, Tuxhorn I. Epilepsy surgery in children with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD): results of long-term seizure outcome. Neuropediatrics. 2002 Feb;33(1):21-6. doi: 10.1055/s-2002-23595. — View Citation

Krsek P, Maton B, Jayakar P, Dean P, Korman B, Rey G, Dunoyer C, Pacheco-Jacome E, Morrison G, Ragheb J, Vinters HV, Resnick T, Duchowny M. Incomplete resection of focal cortical dysplasia is the main predictor of poor postsurgical outcome. Neurology. 2009 Jan 20;72(3):217-23. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000334365.22854.d3. Epub 2008 Nov 12. — View Citation

Mellerio C, Labeyrie MA, Chassoux F, Daumas-Duport C, Landre E, Turak B, Roux FX, Meder JF, Devaux B, Oppenheim C. Optimizing MR imaging detection of type 2 focal cortical dysplasia: best criteria for clinical practice. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012 Nov;33(10):1932-8. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A3081. Epub 2012 May 3. — View Citation

Murphy MC, Huston J 3rd, Jack CR Jr, Glaser KJ, Manduca A, Felmlee JP, Ehman RL. Decreased brain stiffness in Alzheimer's disease determined by magnetic resonance elastography. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011 Sep;34(3):494-8. doi: 10.1002/jmri.22707. Epub 2011 Jul 12. — View Citation

Palmini A, Andermann F, Olivier A, Tampieri D, Robitaille Y. Focal neuronal migration disorders and intractable partial epilepsy: results of surgical treatment. Ann Neurol. 1991 Dec;30(6):750-7. doi: 10.1002/ana.410300603. — View Citation

Palmini A, Holthausen H. Focal malformations of cortical development: a most relevant etiology of epilepsy in children. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;111:549-65. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52891-9.00058-0. — View Citation

Streitberger KJ, Wiener E, Hoffmann J, Freimann FB, Klatt D, Braun J, Lin K, McLaughlin J, Sprung C, Klingebiel R, Sack I. In vivo viscoelastic properties of the brain in normal pressure hydrocephalus. NMR Biomed. 2011 May;24(4):385-92. doi: 10.1002/nbm.1602. Epub 2010 Oct 7. — View Citation

Taylor DC, Falconer MA, Bruton CJ, Corsellis JA. Focal dysplasia of the cerebral cortex in epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1971 Aug;34(4):369-87. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.34.4.369. — View Citation

Wang ZI, Alexopoulos AV, Jones SE, Jaisani Z, Najm IM, Prayson RA. The pathology of magnetic-resonance-imaging-negative epilepsy. Mod Pathol. 2013 Aug;26(8):1051-8. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.52. Epub 2013 Apr 5. — View Citation

Wuerfel J, Paul F, Beierbach B, Hamhaber U, Klatt D, Papazoglou S, Zipp F, Martus P, Braun J, Sack I. MR-elastography reveals degradation of tissue integrity in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage. 2010 Feb 1;49(3):2520-5. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.018. Epub 2009 Jun 16. — View Citation

* Note: There are 16 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Brain tissue stiffness measurements in mmHg as assessed by intraoperative use of a digital tonometer on presumed normal cerebral cortex	Brain tonometry is a novel diagnostic approach, therefore normal and abnormal brain tissue stiffness values are not known. Measurements will be taken on presumed normal cerebral cortex, based on results of preoperative evaluations (magnetic resonance imaging, electro-encephalography, positron emission tomography), to establish potential normal brain tissue stiffness values.	Intraoperative
Primary	Brain tissue stiffness measurements in mmHg as assessed by intraoperative use of a digital tonometer on presumed pathological cerebral cortex	Brain tonometry is a novel diagnostic approach, therefore normal and abnormal brain tissue stiffness values are not known. Measurements will be taken on presumed pathological (ex.: focal cortical dysplasia, tuberous sclerosis complex) cerebral cortex, based on results of preoperative evaluations (magnetic resonance imaging, electro-encephalography, positron emission tomography), to establish potential pathological brain tissue stiffness values.	Intraoperative
Primary	Correlation between brain tissue stiffness measurements in mmHg as assessed by novel intraoperative use of a digital tonometer and results of standard perioperative evaluations, using a 3D model of each brain	Precise stereotactic coordinates for each brain tissue stiffness measurement will be recorded in a neuronavigation software. This will allow aggregation of brain tissue stiffness measurements and results of routine preoperative (MRI, EEG, PET), as well as intra-operative tests (ECoG, histopathological analysis of resected brain tissue) on a 3D model of each patient's brain.; With this method, each brain tissue stiffness measurement can be compared to presence or absence of an underlying lesion on MRI; to presence or absence of epileptogenic foci on EEG; to presence of iso- or hypometabolism on PET; to presence or absence of epileptogenic foci on ECoG; to pathological diagnosis and severity of cortical disorganization on histopathological analysis.; This will give insight into how well brain tissue stiffness measurements correlate with, and potentially identify, structural and functional epileptic brain anomalies.	Perioperative
Secondary	Surgical complications as assessed clinically on standard postoperative follow-up through study completion, up to 36 months	The intraoperative use of the tonometer should not affect patient outcome. To support this, surgical complications, as they relate to the participants of this study, will be recorded on clinical follow-up, to be compared with the available literature. Number of patients with surgical complications, as well as the nature of the complications will be recorded. Of note, there are no additional visits required for this study after participation in the operating room. Follow-up remains as planned according the the nature of the patient's condition and surgery.	Through study completion, up to 36 months
Secondary	Seizure freedom as assessed clinically on standard postoperative follow-up through study completion, up to 36 months	The intraoperative use of the tonometer should not affect patient outcome. To support this, seizure freedom, as it relates to the participants of this study, will be recorded on clinical follow-up, to be compared with the available literature. Number of patients achieving seizure freedom, as well as number of patients not achieving seizure freedom will be recorded. Time to seizure recurrence will also be recorded. Of note, there are no additional visits required for this study after participation in the operating room. Follow-up remains as planned according the the nature of the patient's condition and surgery.	Through study completion, up to 36 months