Outcome
| Type |
Measure |
Description |
Time frame |
Safety issue |
| Primary |
Change in Stress |
The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is a widely used self-report measure of individuals' perception of stress. This measure contains 10 items in which participants indicate their experience of stress on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = never to 4 = very often). Items were adapted to reflect experiences during the past week and include statements such as "In the past week, how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them?" Ratings were averaged across items such that higher scores represented greater perceived stress. The PSS has good reliability (Cronbach's a = .89), construct validity, and predictive validity with reports of psychological and physical symptoms. In the present study, the PSS had good internal consistency with Cronbach's alphas at T1, T2, and T3 were .86, .82, and .85, respectively. |
Week 1, 6 & 10 |
|
| Secondary |
Change in Coping Self-efficacy |
The Coping Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES) is a measure of one's confidence in effectively engaging in coping behaviors in the face of challenges. This measure contains 26 items in which participants indicate confidence in their coping strategies when it comes to handling challenges and stressors on an 11-point Likert scale (0 = cannot do at all to 10 = certain can do). The CSES states "When things aren't going well for you, or when you're having problems how confident or certain are you that you can do the following:" and include statements such as "find solutions to your most difficult problems" and "see things from the other person's point of view during a heated argument." Higher scores on the CSES represent higher coping-self efficacy. The CSES has good internal consistency (Cronbach's a = .91), and test-retest reliability. In the present study, the CSES had good internal consistency, with Cronbach's alphas at T1, T2, and T3 being .92, .93, and .94, respectively. |
Week 1, 6 & 10 |
|
| Secondary |
Change in Social Support |
The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) is a 12-item self-report questionnaire developed to assess the subjective perception of social support adequacy from family, friends, and significant others. Items are rated on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree). Sample items include "There is a special person who is around when I am in need" and "My family really tries to help me." Higher scores on the MSPSS represent higher perception of social support. The MSPSS has good reliability (Cronbach's alpha ranging from .81 to .98) and has good convergent and construct validity In the present study, the MSPSS has a good internal consistency, with Cronbach's alphas at T1, T2, and T3 of .89, .91, and .92, respectively. |
Week 1, 6 & 10 |
|
| Secondary |
Change in Social Connectedness |
The Social Connectedness Scale Revised (SCS-R) is a 20-item self-report questionnaire that assesses emotional distance of the self from both friends and society, along with maintaining a sense of closeness. Items are rated on a 6-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree). Sample items include "I feel distant from people" and "I am able to relate to my peers." Higher scores on the SCS-R represent higher perception of social connectedness. The SCS-R has good internal reliability (Cronbach's a = .92) and has good convergent and discriminant validity. In the present study, the SCS-R had good internal consistency, with Cronbach's alphas at T1, T2, and T3 of .90, .89, and .91, respectively. |
Week 1, 6 & 10 |
|
| Secondary |
Change in Mindfulness |
The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) measures individuals' dispositional mindfulness (i.e., general tendency to be mindful) by assessing the frequency of mindful states over time. The MAAS consists of 15 items asking participants to report the frequency with which they have certain experiences on a 6-point scale (1 = almost always to 6 = almost never). Sample items include descriptions of experiences such as, "I find myself preoccupied with the future or the past" and "I find myself doing things without paying attention." Scores for this measure are such that higher scores indicate higher levels of mindfulness. The MAAS has demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach's a = .89), as well as high test-retest reliability, convergent and discriminant validity. In the present study, the MAAS had good internal consistency, with Cronbach's alphas at T1, T2, and T3 of .80, .79, and .91, respectively. |
Week 1, 6 & 10 |
|
| Secondary |
Change in Quality of life |
The World Health Organization's Quality of Life Brief questionnaire is a 26-item measure assessing individuals' perception of their life quality within the following domains: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and their environment. Participants are asked to rate items related to their experience of their own quality of life such on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all to 5 = extreme amount). Sample items include "To what extent do you feel that physical pain prevents you from doing what you need to do?" and "How satisfied are you with the conditions of your living place?" The WHOQOL-BREF shows decent reliability (Cronbach's a values for physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health were .65, .77, .52 and .79, respectively) and good internal consistency. |
Week 1, 6 & 10 |
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